tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58172814545752623772024-03-07T19:01:29.679-08:00Write a narrative essayPersuasion Essay Topics In Information TechnologyAnahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-55262957512944173062020-08-26T10:10:00.001-07:002020-08-26T10:10:06.682-07:00Business Plan for a Real Estate Business in Bangladesh EssayIt will make great quality pads for customers to live and appreciate part progressively selective offices. All these will be accessible at an entirely sensible cost. Since we have faith in economies of scale. Motto: ââ¬Å"feel like living on paradise in each momentâ⬠Financing: To fire up the business, Tk. 20 crores will be required, some extra should be financed by the bank. The advance will be reimbursed by five years. Classification: This Business Plan is carefully private and is the property of the co-proprietors referenced previously. Any propagation of the material inside will result is carefully precluded. There has consistently been a decent interest in the land advertise, and as the salary level of the individuals of Bangladesh develops, that request is flooding much further. Individuals need to purchase one of a kind, gorgeous and alluring pads, yet they need a decent incentive for their cash also. Thatââ¬â¢s where we come in. We offer superb quality pads, at sensible costs. Another uniqueness of our business is that we have a different line of condos for office/bank utilize as it were. There is as of now no such land organizations in Bangladesh that offers a select line of lofts. Consequently, in this portion, we can appreciate the advantages of being an oligopolist. Then again, we have the business-to-business prospect. Because of good financial development, lofts are on the ascent. Raihan with portion of benefit and misfortune as indicated by proportion of value contributed. Together, we have assembled the fundamental skill required to maintain a land business. At first, we will obviously acquire misfortunes, yet we intend to make benefits in the fourth or fifth year. Land Industry Analysis Industry Analysis: Real bequest is a fixed, unmistakable and undaunted resource in type of houses or business property. Land advertise includes creating, leasing, selling/buying and remodeling of these advantages (houses). Market members incorporates o Developers (temporary workers, engineers, etc), o Facilitators (contract organizations, land representatives, banks, anagement specialists, etc), proprietors, tenants (leasers) Every item (house) is special as far as structures, area, and financing hence showcase has heterogeneous items. Exchange costs are high and the procedure is normally long. In spite of the fact that there are manufactured houses, yet the land underneath is work stationary, land is an ardent resource. Market Segmentations: The principle factor that influences request in land industry is segment highlights. The segment factors incorporate populace size and development, social foundation, convictions. In any case, different elements like salary, cost of lodging, cost and accessibility of assets, buyer inclination, supplierââ¬â¢s inclination, cost of substitutes and praises. Future Outlook: One of the most alarming measurements in regards to land in this nation, and a reality scarcely any individuals even acknowledge, is that enormous segment of land in the Bangladesh is held either by the Government or is being utilized for farming purposes. The all out ranch territory includes about 62% of the all out geological zone, woodland zone represents 15%, Perennial water 11% and urban region just 01%. The physical scene is described by little arable fields. There are more than 11 million ranch property with in excess of 65 million parts. The example of land proprietorship is profoundly slanted. 5% for the families having land over 7. 2 sections of land own 26% of the land and 70% of the families having land underneath 2. 5 sections of land own solitary 29% of the land. The per capita accessibility of yield land is at present just 0. 24 section of land. Land usage insights demonstrate that 54% of the net edited region is single trimmed and region under twofold and triple trimming represent 72% of the gross trimmed region. 20% of the all out trimmed territories have water system offices. Yield is low I. e. rice - 0. 703 metric ton for each section of land. Yearly food shortage runs between 1. 5 2. 0 million metric tons. Visit normal cataclysms like tornado, flood, dry spell, sea swell and so forth add to the deficit of harvests and animals. This means just barely any bit of the nation is accessible to help all private and business employments. This likens to almost 1800 individuals for every square mile of land by 2020. In spite of the home loan emergency and coming about money related emergency of the most recent quite a long while, these measurements appear to show that possessing land in Bangladesh will keep on being a savvy venture. In the extremely essential monetary sense, there is no more land being made (constrained flexibly) and more populace thickness consistently (expanded interest). ? Economy: Growth in FY2010 was better than anticipated in April 2010 in Bangladesh, as a pickup in local interest killed the effect of feeble extension in trades. Swelling came in underneath the April projection, and the current record surplus was higher. For FY2011, this Update holds the viewpoint of a moderate uptick in development, however with a marginally lower gauge for swelling and a bigger fall in the current record excess. To raise development prospects, force and gas deficiencies should be wiped out and changes quickened. All the more essentially, political steadiness will be basic to boosting development. The bankââ¬â¢s Monetary Policy Statement (MPS), gave in July 2010, showed that there may have been some preoccupation of private credit into shopper spending and into theoretical interests in the financial exchange and land. . So we are anticipating that, the financial condition in Bangladesh will be greatly improved for business. On the off chance that we additionally consider the given figures the situation will be clear more. Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-18596028980938212872020-08-22T07:50:00.001-07:002020-08-22T07:50:20.266-07:00Primary Health Care Essay Example for FreeEssential Health Care Essay Essential human services is basic medicinal services dependent on commonsense, deductively stable and socially adequate strategies and innovation made all around open to people and families in the network through their full investment and at a cost that the network and the nation can bear. It frames a vital piece of the countryââ¬â¢s wellbeing arrangement of which it is the core, and of the general social and monetary advancement of the nation. It is the main degree of contact of people, the family and the network with the national wellbeing framework bringing social insurance as close as conceivable to where individuals live and work and comprises the primary component of a proceeding with human services process (World Health Organization 1978: 3-4, 34). This is a protracted and complex definition, yet we will separate it into shorter pieces and examine every one of them. Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-77108170205599329482020-08-17T23:34:00.001-07:002020-08-17T23:34:02.725-07:00Lilapsophobia or the Fear of Tornadoes or HurricanesLilapsophobia or the Fear of Tornadoes or Hurricanes Phobias Types Print Lilapsophobia or the Fear of Tornadoes or Hurricanes By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by on January 27, 2020 john finney photography/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Lilapsophobia, or fear of tornadoes and hurricanes, can be seen as a more severe form of astraphobia, or fear of thunder and lightning. If you suffer from lilapsophobia, it is not the average summer storm that you fear, but the possibility of that storm becoming severe. This phobia is relatively common, although rarer than astraphobia. Causes Like many phobias, the fear of tornadoes and hurricanes is often traced to a negative experience. Perhaps you have been affected by severe weather that caused personal injury or property damage to you or someone you love. Or you might have been spared by a tornado that wreaked havoc in your neighborhood, possibly adding a bit of survivor guilt to the mix. If you have been through a truly devastating storm experience such as Hurricane Katrina, it is particularly important to seek professional advice. In addition to lilapsophobia, it is possible that you are experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder. Lilapsophobia, like many phobias, may also be learned. If your parents, friends or relatives are afraid of tornadoes and hurricanes, you may have picked up their fear. Symptoms While it is normal and rational to check weather forecasts before outdoor activities, many people with lilapsophobia find that the weather controls their lives. You might spend a great deal of time watching the Weather Channel or tracking storms online. You may refuse to go out on days when storms are predicted. When a storm hits, you may display unusual behaviors. Constantly checking for weather alerts; hiding under the bed or in a closet, and even putting a full tornado plan into effect as soon as the rain begins are all common among those with this fear. You might listen closely to the storm for sounds of tornado activity, or you might attempt to drown out the storm altogether with loud music or movies. Many people find that lilapsophobia is worsened by being alone. You might call friends in a panic, or arrange your schedule such that you are rarely alone. Some people with this phobia find that going to a mall, a movie theater or a library can help them control their panic. Over time, you might find that your daily activities become more and more restricted. You might become unwilling to enter buildings that you do not find âsafe,â even on clear, sunny days. You may refuse to take part in outdoor activities or long road trips for fear that a storm might hit. Appearance in Children Many children go through a phase of astraphobia, or fear of storms. Lilapsophobia is not as common in children, but may certainly appear. Young children who are just learning to separate fantasy from reality are especially susceptible to fears caused by media images and adult conversations. If a major storm is profiled on television or discussed by adults, children may become afraid that it will happen to them. Because fears are a normal part of development, phobias are generally not diagnosed in children unless they persist for more than six months. Try to reassure your child about the relative rarity of major storms, and explain your storm readiness procedures to him. Of course, it is important to tell the childâs doctor if the phobia is severe or persistent, as a therapist referral may be necessary. Appearance in Popular Culture Hollywood films such as Twister (1996) address the effects of lilapsophobia. In that film, Dr. Jo Harding, played by Helen Hunt, witnesses her fatherâs death in a tornado. As an adult, she fights the resulting lilapsophobia by becoming a storm chaser. The film features highly realistic footage of major tornadoes, so it is not the best choice for those suffering from this fear. Tornadoes and hurricanes are a part of life, and todayâs media offers the opportunity to view devastating storms and their aftermath repeatedly, in vivid high definition detail. Although the coverage is certainly important, it is equally important to put such coverage into perspective. While small weather events happen frequently, only those that are severe are deemed newsworthy. Media coverage can easily lead to a skewed belief that serious storms are much more common than they actually are. How to Be Rationally Prepared Although your chances of being caught in a killer storm are relatively small, the risks are real. Therefore, it is important to be prepared. The key is to recognize the difference between rational preparedness and phobic reactions. If you live in a storm-prone area, get a copy of your areaâs official preparedness literature. These documents are often distributed in grocery stores, libraries and other public locations or online through sites like weather.gov and nhc.noaa.gov. Read through the recommendations and put together a storm readiness plan. If you share a household, let someone else monitor the weather. That person can alert you about any specific dangers and help you decide the best course of action. This will take some of the pressure off you, and can help you avoid obsessive checking. Learn about the types of storms that affect your area. For examples, hurricanes can be devastating but are predicted far in advance. Tornadoes can develop quickly, but only under certain weather conditions. Learning about the types of storms that may affect you can help you make more rational decisions about confronting them. Treatment Like many phobias, lilapsophobia is often treated through cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques. However, if your phobia stems from post-traumatic stress disorder, then other types of therapy may be more appropriate. Your therapist will be able to diagnose the root of your phobia and prescribe the best course of action. Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-69081787929411527212020-05-24T08:14:00.001-07:002020-05-24T08:14:03.601-07:00The Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal - 871 Words There are currently over 16,000 people legally sentenced to death worldwide. The State of Texas has 271 people on death row, the third most in America, but has executed the most people in the country. Twenty-five people have been executed this year in the U.S.; twelve of those have been executed in Texas (Facts). The death penalty must be abrogated because it is an ineffective, antiquated, and expensive form of punishment. Punishment by death has been around since Babylonian times, when the Code of Hammurabi introduced it. Since then, it has not evolved other than becoming more of a life for a life proposition. Studies show that the death penalty does not deter crime. Laws that are punishable by death are premeditated. People who are willing to die committing crimes do them anyways. A life for a life is not justice it is revenge. In addition to being useless, the death penalty is also an antiquated form of castigation. The time preceding execution can be agony for an inmate. Imagine spending 23 hours a day in a cement enclosure the size of a bathroom. Now imagine sitting in that small room nearly all day, every day without respite, for a year, five years, even 10 years. How long before you become restless and lonely? How long before you start pacing and talking to yourself? How long before you lose your mind? (Mann) Death row has become a place of torment where an individualââ¬â¢s only relief will be death. States have started to abolish the death penalty with non-retroactiveShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal1261 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal The death penalty should not be legal because of two major reasonings. These reasons are, the death penalty takes the lives of many innocent people, and it also costs too much. The death penalty should not be legal because innocent people are wrongly convicted and killed. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, it puts innocent lives at risk. At least 4.1% of all defendants sentenced to death in the United States in the modern era are innocent (DeathRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1457 Words à |à 6 PagesThe death penalty can be traced all the way to biblical times when people were executed for many reasons such as: for not believing in their god(s), choosing to interact in sexual conduct while unmarried, stealing, murder, etc. The methods of execution back in those times were to either: stone, hang, slay, crucify, and burn not only the offender who committed the crime, but if he or she had a family, the entire family was executed with them as a warning to the people of their tribe or city to notRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Legal?985 Words à |à 4 PagesBen Goble Mr. Newman English Comp. November 4, 2015 Should the Death Penalty be Legal? The death penalty, also called capital punishment, has been a topic of debate among the public for many years, gaining very little ground in changing the legality of it one way or the other. The topic is very controversial because many people feel that it is wrong to take the life of another person. On the other hand a very comparable number of people push for the legality of capital punishment for condemningRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal1004 Words à |à 5 Pagesabolish death penaltyâ⬠(Bosman). In thirty-one states, federal government and military legal system, the death penalty is lawful. Even the Supreme Court has been changed direction of capital punishment. One day, it could be a legal and illegal by the Supreme Court. Most of European countries ban the death penalty except Belarus that if a criminal involve international terrorism, murdered, inhumane crime and the criminal receives death penalty. Nowadays, banned the death penalty becomeRead MoreDeath Penalty Should Be Legal943 Words à |à 4 PagesDo you think that death penalty will give justice for the innocent lives? The death penalty continues to be an issue of controversy in the whole world because people have different beliefs for giving justice to the innocents. For some people, they want it legal because death penalty will give justice for the innocent victims and a form of vengeance to the criminals. On the flipside, other people donââ¬â¢t agree with it because a lot of innocents are putting into death. These people believe that it isRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal1573 Words à |à 7 PagesThere are many legal issues that come along with the death penalty. Ratified on December 15, 1791, The United States Bill of Rights states in its eight amendment, ââ¬Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.â⬠(8th Amendment to the Constitutio n). The Supreme Court stated during the 1958 case of Trop v. Dulles, that the 8th amendment must draw its meaning from the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturingRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1555 Words à |à 7 Pageshave on a person? The death penalty, or capital punishment, is one of the most debated topics in America. It has been used for centuries, but many claim it to be barbaric, and want the practice to end all together. The death penalty should only be used in cases where there is absolute evidence that the criminal is guilty, because life in prison can be an alternative, there are many flaws in the justice system, and it can be a cruel and unusual punishment. The death penalty is legal in 32 states, theRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1554 Words à |à 7 Pagesreceive the death penalty. Some say it is what they deserve, while others say that it is a ââ¬Å"cruel and unusualâ⬠punishment. States, such as New Jersey, have already banned the penalty, but some states are still pending on whether to have the penalty or to follow New Jerseyââ¬â¢s path . If you were to go and ask people why they are against the death penalty, they would say it is because it goes against morality, constitutionality, and the irrevocable mistakes of putting the wrong person to death. WhenRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal1553 Words à |à 7 Pagescalled problems with our system of justice is the death penalty. Capital punishment in this country seems to have its pros and cons. There are more issues and complications with being sentenced to death, while the positives are minuscule. The death penalty should not be allowed in the United States, and there are many reasons for this argument. The death penalty has caused controversy in the country since it became popular. 31 states use the death penalty and is also used by the military. Its use isRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal Essay2884 Words à |à 12 Pagesis the death penalty - should it be legalized across the 50 states or be declared unconstitutional? Some believe the death penalty is a better option for those who deserve the highest form of punishment available. However, others argue capital punishment is a waste of resources and should be brought to an end. Therefore, while many believe the death penalty should be legalized throughout the United States because it offers a higher form of punishment, others believe the death penalty should be repealed Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-13624638081717951212020-05-13T11:48:00.001-07:002020-05-13T11:48:03.570-07:00Research Paper - 2560 Words Argumentative Research Paper Final Draft ENG1121 1 Dec. 2010 Chiropractic Work: The Safe Choice ââ¬Å"Get knowledge of the spine, for this is the requisite for many diseases.â⬠ââ¬âHippocrates, 460-377 BC. If a Greek physician could make this statement over 2300 years ago, why is it such an under-exposed theory today? As stated in Chiropractic First, written by Dr. Rondberg, a chiropractor of 35 years and founder of the ââ¬Å"Chiropractic Journal,â⬠Hippocrates ââ¬Å"believed that only nature could heal and it was the physicianââ¬â¢s duty to remove any obstruction that would prevent the body from healingâ⬠(8-9). These ââ¬Å"physiciansâ⬠are called chiropractors today, and their goal is to remove subluxations, the displacement of two or more spinal disks that causesâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This became their home as the twins survived and their bodies were studied continuously. Before their release in 1989, it was determined that sickness and disease begin with the neurological system because of their differences. Dasha got sick easily, and M asha smoked but had more resilience than her sister to colds; however, the twins shared their blood. ââ¬Å"The question that puzzled scientists was why one sister would get the measles and the other would not, even though the germ was in both bodies,â⬠Rondberg states (66). It was realized that the nerve system and spinal cord had a big role in the development of sickness and disease due to the fact that this was truly Masha and Dashaââ¬â¢s only difference. Therefore, a well-adjusted spine prevents the breeding ground for the millions of germs humans breathe in every day. It is proven that our neurological system is our defense. I admit that since getting adjusted at least once a week since September by Dr. Wurdemann that my allergies improved and I have not developed a common winter cold yet. In addition to this, I have noticed and Dr. Wurdemann pointed out is that chiropractic work will lead to less intake of common over-the-counter medicine. Things such as Ibuprofen and Aleve for pain relief will be taken less if a person has less back pain, neck pain, headaches, etc. Chiropractic work is the safer alternative to medicine and normal medical procedures because theShow MoreRelatedWhy I Write A Research Paper900 Words à |à 4 Pages39C is all about research papers, I put off my plan to take my major requirement class and take 39C first. I wanted to learn how to write a proper research paper before I take other classes because one of the major assignment in the major class will be a research paper. Coming to class, I had no idea what to expect and thought we just write the same thing as Writing 39B only with more outside sources. I did not know the difference between research papers and non research papers. It turns out thatRead MoreWriting a Great Research Paper1643 Words à |à 7 Pagesby Karl Weber, M.A. Writing a Great Research Paper: Picking an A+ Topic Study Guide Video Aided Instruction, Inc. Roslyn Heights, New York 1 #VAI-S1914 v1.0 This study guide should be used along with a program published by Video Aided Instruction, Inc. For more information, call 1-800 -238-1512 or visit us online at videoaidedinstruction.com. This study guide should be used along with the following program published by Video Aided Instruction. The instructor works through the exercisesRead MoreA Research Paper On The Quality Research906 Words à |à 4 PagesThe reason this book is being reviewed is because this was one of our textbook for our book review. This book was for our class to understand how to write a research paper in higher standard. The Quality Research Papers is written by Nancy Vyhmeister has forty-five years of experience in teaching future pastors and professors throughout the world. She continues to have a global ministry in her retirement years, mostly teaching and writing. She also has authored several books, both in Spanish andRead MoreNotes On Child Vaccinations And Gender Roles, And A Research Paper1285 Words à |à 6 Pageshave chosen three papers for my portfolio: paper one - Language Matters: Positives and Negatives, paper two - PEP for Vitamins and Gender Roles, and a research paper, paper f our - Child Vaccinations: Importance to a Healthy Society. I have written four papers in total, and I believe that these papers illustrate the different style of writing, and the progress I have made throughout this semester. The structure of this cover letter will display how these three particular papers address the EnglishRead MoreThe Writing A Research Paper923 Words à |à 4 PagesWriting a Research Paper The research paper There will come a time in most students careers when they are assigned a research paper. Such an assignment often creates a great deal of unneeded anxiety in the student, which may result in procrastination and a feeling of confusion and inadequacy. This anxiety frequently stems from the fact that many students are unfamiliar and inexperienced with this genre of writing. Never fearââ¬âinexperience and unfamiliarity are situations you can change throughRead MoreNotes On Child Vaccinations And Gender Roles, And A Research Paper1331 Words à |à 6 Pagesthree papers for my portfolio: Paper One - Language Matters: Positives and Negatives, Paper Two - PEP for Vitamins and Gender Roles, and a research paper, Paper Four - Child Vaccinations: Importance to a Healthy Society. I have written four papers in total, and I believe that these papers demonstrate the different styles of writing I have learned and illustrate the progress I have made throughout this semester. The structure of thi s cover letter will display how these three particular papers addressRead MoreHow To Write A Good Research Paper1057 Words à |à 5 PagesA Research Paper is a type of academic writing that needs more theoretical, significant and methodical level of question. Although a research paper is a kind of term paper, some term papers donââ¬â¢t require academic research. Not all research papers can be considered as term papers. An objective of writing a research paper is to allow people to read the work selectively. In order to make an impression over the reader, in other words to make a paper readable following some points should be noted: ï⠧Read MoreThe Purpose Of An Excellent Research Paper1339 Words à |à 6 PagesThe brilliant purpose of research papers is to persuade the reader using appeals. The writer presents information about a topic while using sources to provide vital details found in their research. Whether written in a popular, informal tone or a serious, formal tone, credibility of the sources is always important. There are several steps to creating an excellent research paper. A topic page must be included, followed by the research paper itself, and the sources must be included at the end in aRead MoreResearch Process and Terminology Paper1066 Words à |à 5 PagesResearch Process and Terminology Paper CJA/334 Research Methods in Criminal Justice January 10, 2012 Abstract In this paper you will learn the process of research. Anyone can research but in order to research correctly, one must know the language and process. As always when researching the reason one is researching to find new information. This is when one will familiarize their self with new research terminology as well as knowledge. When one describes the research process it should contain;Read MoreResearch Critique Research Paper1710 Words à |à 7 Pages Part B: Research Critique (60 marks) Article: Tuckett A Turner C 2016, ââ¬ËDo you use social media? A study into new nursing and midwifery graduates uptake of social mediaââ¬â¢, International Journal of Nursing Practice, no. 22, pp. 197ââ¬â204, doi:10.1111/ijn.12411 Specific critique area Answer Explain the purpose of the study. Use the PICO or PICo format to identify the research question. (150 words) This study does not pose a clear research question, but makes a declarative question that identifies Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-75316493609236658132020-05-06T13:47:00.001-07:002020-05-06T13:47:28.857-07:00Debating and discussing the benefits and drawbacks Free Essays Thematic instruction is a method of learning that is going more and more outstanding within schools across the state due to the Government ââ¬Ës instruction reappraisal and their proposed new course of study for 2011. The switch to this method of instruction is intended to assist reorganize the traditional capable countries into ââ¬Ëthematic ââ¬Ë countries of acquisition, easing the force per unit areas on schools to learn purely to the course of study and give their instructors the freedom they need in order to make cross-curricular thematic lessons. This study will try to specify both thematic and cross-curricular instruction and discourse their several advantages and disadvantages. We will write a custom essay sample on Debating and discussing the benefits and drawbacks or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shoemaker ( 1989 ) states that a cross-curriculum instruction is one that is set up so that schoolroom topics overlap with one another, the method efforts to convey together legion facets of the course of study into assorted lessons to reflect the ââ¬Ëreal universe ââ¬Ë such that pupils can ââ¬Å" utilize cognition learned in one context as a cognition base in other contexts â⬠( Collins, Brown, A ; Newman, 1989 ) . Shanahan ( 1995 ) agrees with this definition, he states that ââ¬Å" thematic instruction is a method of forming learning about subjects or subjects doing it possible to incorporate direction across nucleus countriesâ⬠¦ Thematic units are designed to promote pupils to dig deep into subjects developing both an consciousness and apprehension of bing connexions across thoughts. â⬠The above definitions suggest that thematic and cross-curricular instruction is indispensable for kids to tie in that accomplishments learnt in one category are of import too ls for finishing undertakings within other topics in school and undertakings outside. Applebee, Langer, A ; Mullis ( 1989 ) study why the alteration to this method or instruction is necessary ââ¬Å" while pupils are larning the basic information in nucleus capable countries, they are non larning to use their cognition efficaciously in thought and logical thinking â⬠Marzano ( 1991 ) and Perkins ( 1991 ) construct on this ; they believe that these methods work towards turn toing some ââ¬Ërecurring jobs ââ¬Ë in instruction, one in peculiar being that of stray accomplishment direction. Ofsted ââ¬Ës study ââ¬ËThe Curriculum in Successful Primary Schools ââ¬Ë ( 2002 ) in which it was noted that successful schools were the 1s in which ââ¬Å" The instructors recognised that where links are effectual they enable students to use the cognition and accomplishments learned in one topic to others. â⬠Because cross-curricular and thematic instruction involves the linking of activities that are designed around subjects or subjects every bit good as traversing legion countries within the National Curriculum they ââ¬Å" provide an environment that Fosters and encourages procedure acquisition and active engagement of all pupils â⬠( Fisher, 1991 ) , this would therefore aid instructor turn to the different acquisition manners of students within their schoolrooms. A claim that Komorowska ( 2001 ) backs up, saying that because ââ¬Å" teaching kids is non systematic, the methods and techniques chosen by the instructor are of a higher significance than their consequences. â⬠With respects to the diverse acquisition manners that kids have, experts have identified three ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.time4learning.com/learning-styles.shtml ) : Auditory scholars remember by speaking out loud, like to hold things explained orally and may hold problem with written instructions. Auditory scholars may speak to themselves when larning something new. Ocular scholars easy retrieve ocular inside informations and prefer to see what they are larning. They prefer to compose down instructions and may hold problem following talks. This type of scholar enjoys art and drawing ; reads maps, charts and diagrams good ; fascinated with machines and innovations ; dramas with Lego ; likes labyrinths and mystifiers. Kinesthetic scholars prefer activities that allow them to make what they are larning about. Haptic scholars like to touch things in order to larn about them and wish to travel around when speaking or listening. Shows you instead than Tells you. Through the usage of thematic and transverse curricular instruction, schoolroom instructors are able to provide for these three distinct groups of scholars and, hence, make an ambiance in which each group remains interested in the lesson therefore battling any ennui and increasing the students ââ¬Ë potency for larning. Former Secretary of State for Education and Skills, Charles Clarke, wrote in the Excellence and Enjoyment Strategy ( 2004 ) , ââ¬Å" What makes good primary instruction great is the merger of excellence and enjoyment. Children learn better when they are excited and engaged ââ¬â but what excites them and engages them best is genuinely first-class instruction, which challenges them and shows them what they can make. â⬠Which falls in line with Larsen-Freeman ââ¬Ës statement ( 2000 ) that larning becomes even more effectual due to it being ââ¬Å" facilitated in a cheerful environment â⬠, and Resnick ââ¬Ës ( 1989 ) claim that this method increases students ââ¬Ë motive for larning and their degree of battle because they can see the value of what they are being taught and become more actively engaged in the lesson as opposed to the isolated accomplishment larning that other methods offer. It is, nevertheless, of import to see general larning features every bit good as the antecedently mentioned groups of features and how these are successfully manipulated through the usage of these methods. Thaiss ( 1986 ) , Krogh ( 1990 ) and Jacobs ( 1989 ) all write that kids that are able to utilize fact-finding accomplishments to research what they are larning, and interact with other members of their acquisition community, whether that ââ¬Ës other students, instructors or schoolroom helpers, really learn more than those kids that are non encouraged to inquire inquiries and portion sentiments with other scholars. Vygotsky ( 1962 ) gives us an account as to why this technique is successful. He pointed out that kids who have different accomplishments, learn from each other. This is because through the encouragement of probe, oppugning and working together, students are given the chance to see undertakings from the point of position of others. Finally, the humanistic attack in learning emphasises the importance of single and typical features of a human being and the desire for fulfillment. In instruction it means student-oriented learning instead than teacher-oriented one Biskup ( 1990 ) . Fisher et Al says, ââ¬Å" what promotes creativeness is a oppugning schoolroom, where instructors and students ask unusual and ambitious inquiries ; where new connexions are made ; where thoughts are represented in different ways- visually, physically and verbally ; where there are fresh attacks and solutions to jobs ; and where the effects of thoughts and actions are critically evaluated. â⬠In a humanistic schoolroom, such as the 1 that uses thematic and cross-curricular methods, the instructor is non merely a protagonist and assistant but besides a scholar. This is because the work is based on subjects that the instructor may non be used to, it brings the instructor down to the same degree of the kid and the student about takes charge in look intoing by inquiring inquiries. The instructor ââ¬Ës chief function is to make an ambiance in which scholars feel relaxed and do non hold any suppressions therefore scholars ââ¬Ë endowments are exploited during the learning procedure. Of class, whilst there are legion benefits to utilizing these methods, there are besides a figure of drawbacks which must be considered. David Hart, former general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers, ââ¬Å" Theme-based instruction will disfavor students in the passage to secondary. And it will do the secondary instructor ââ¬Ës undertaking much more hard. â⬠This is to state that even though there may be benefits to learning like this within a primary schoolroom, students heading from a mostly thematic based manner of learning could perchance happen that the generic manner of learning within secondary instruction i.e. topic-based acquisition, hard to set to. Thus disfavoring the student ââ¬Ës learning experience, compared to schoolmates who are used to this type of instruction. Further drawbacks of the methods include the demand for ongoing coaction between instructors and planning, as the subjects must be carefully and thought through in order for them to be meaningful and do sense within the course of study. Chris Woodhead, states in his study of 1992 that, ââ¬Å" It ââ¬Ës harder for instructors to construction a consistent proviso in the topics that are deserving analyzing if they ââ¬Ëre seeking to build links between these topics every bit good. â⬠The excess work that Woodhead remarks on is necessary for the success of the methods because the intertwining of the course of study within that one subject, as stated earlier, may be hard and would necessitate a batch of planning and coaction with other members of staff, and without this excess work from the instructors it is possible that some content that could be covered may be missed. Finally, with respects to planning, the resources available to instructors within a school could besides be a possible obstruction for the two methods. For illustration a school may non hold sufficient ICT resources for all twelvemonth groups to utilize in order to develop these accomplishments during literacy or numeracy lessons. There is besides the possibility that within these Sessionss that some students get confused and lose sight of the chief constructs of the activity or lesson. This could be down to hapless planning and administration of the instructor or due to the student being over-stimulated with the many different activities in gesture within the lesson, therefore, ensuing in the student being ââ¬Ëspread thinly ââ¬Ë across the lesson, go forthing attempts for larning uneffective. The cross-curricula and thematic methods of instruction can be good to instructors and pupils, as discussed antecedently they allow kids to larn in a manner that is most natural to them. As Scott and Ytreberg ( 1990 ) province: ââ¬Å" some kids develop early, some later. Some kids develop bit by bit, others in springs and bounds. It is non possible that at the age of five all kids can make x, at the age of seven they can all make Ys, or that at the age of 10 they can all make z.. â⬠This is to state that kids are all different human existences larning things at different rates. These methods allow all students to pick up the intended acquisition aims and ends through this fact-finding procedure, it ââ¬Ës through this procedure that the students become more responsible and engaged in their ain acquisition. In consequence this ââ¬Ëlevels the playing field ââ¬Ë leting the students to successfully finish the acquisition aim in their ain manner and within the intended perio d of clip. However, it would be prudent to take to these methods with cautiousness as the drawbacks discussed do look to hold footing such as How to cite Debating and discussing the benefits and drawbacks, Essay examples Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-42242099345898887182020-05-04T20:34:00.001-07:002020-05-04T20:34:02.705-07:00Teens Getting Birth Control Without Parental Consent Sample Essay Example For Students Teens Getting Birth Control Without Parental Consent Sample Essay Presently Adolescents are seeking to turn up excessively rapidly. They want to be merely like the Television characters they idolize and will alter themselves to make so. There are shows on Television like ââ¬Å"16 and pregnantâ⬠that fundamentally insinuate ; if you have sex and acquire pregnant so you will acquire paid to be on telecasting. Most teens do non travel to their parents for birth control because they are afraid. In general adolescents do non desire their parents cognizing they are holding sex. Having entree to deliver control. with or without the parents permission. can be a touchy topic. With this point. acquiring birth control without parental consent is a problematic subject. In my sentiment I think you shouldnââ¬â¢t be able to acquire birth control. unless you have your parent or legal defender at that place. In the United States. each province varies whether or non bush leagues may acquire prophylactic prescriptions from a wellness attention professional. ââ¬Å"Twenty-one provinces explicitly allow all bush leagues to accept to contraceptive services without parental permission. â⬠( Minors Access to Contraceptive Services ) In Arizona presently. the jurisprudence states that there are no limitations on bush leagues. on whether or non a parent has to be involved with prophylactic usage. Planned Parenthood is an bureau that protects your individuality. Some good things about Planned Parenthood are that. you do non hold to hold wellness insurance to be treated. By jurisprudence they are non allowed to give out names. or the ground you were seen to anyone. That is why most people go to Planned Parenthood. One down side is that it can be a small pricier because most patients do non hold wellness insurance. Another would be that they donââ¬â¢t needfully care which type of birth control you are acquiring because they are acquiring paid irrespective. if it makes you ill or non. There are many different methods of birth control. The most obvious is abstention ; this protects against all STDââ¬â¢s and assures you that you will non acquire pregnant. The birth control changeable otherwise known as ( Depo-Provera ) is an injection of a endocrine that prevents gestation. Each shooting prevents gestation for three months. The shooting can be taken in the butt. arm or thigh ( Birth command methods ) . Of class there are enough more methods but the most popular signifier of birth control would be the pill. It is an unwritten drug that must be taken by oral cavity one time every twenty-four hours. Most people would reason that being able to purchase birth control as a adolescent would be good because adolescent gestations would drop. However this does non vouch teenage gestations will drop. If even one pill is forgotten or lost the effectivity of the pills decrease vastly. This is why holding a parent to possibly remind you might be a good thing. ââ¬Å"Statistics show merely 35 % of adolescents use rubbers even though they have entree to them. â⬠( Minors Access to Contraceptive Services ) The job is that rubbers can besides be uneffective due to teens utilizing them improperly or merely non utilizing them at all. A secondary signifier is ever a good excess step in most instances. To forestall adolescent gestations and the spread of STDââ¬â¢s the pattern of safe sex is a necessity. Condoms will protect you from STDs better than non utilizing one at all. STDs affect more teens than teenage gestations. If safe sex is non practiced. certain signifiers of STDââ¬â¢s can subsequently do more terrible jobs like malignant neoplastic disease or even HIV. The most common instance from HPV is cervical malignant neoplastic disease to misss ( Cervical Cancer Soars in Young: Rise in Unprotected Sex Sees Cases Soar. ) If immature females had a parent at that place to acknowledge these jobs with them these statistics may drop in non lone gestations. but STDs and possibly malignant neoplastic disease every bit good. .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8 , .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8 .postImageUrl , .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8 , .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8:hover , .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8:visited , .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8:active { border:0!important; } .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8:active , .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8 .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ab7fa0db4392ec7369da4dd0d2ea2b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Surviving the lastest recession of Sept 11 EssayYaz. is a birth control that is used by 1000000s of adult females and is still on the market today. Yaz was linked to holding awful side effects. Some side effects included. sightlessness. shots. and in some instances malignant neoplastic disease ( Michael D. Benson ) . This is merely one of tonss of birth control brands that are out at that place. Having a parent at that place to cognize the facts about these things might be good so you donââ¬â¢t utilize the incorrect sort and stop up paying for it. Geting birth control without your parentsââ¬â¢ consent in my sentiment should non be allowed. I can understand why people may non desire to state a parent but they do desire to be involved. If your kid is being responsible plenty to travel and acquire birth control so they might be responsible plenty to utilize it. Often if non given the chance to do responsible picks. teens can take affairs into their ain custodies and either do what they want. or do bad picks. The inquiry is. what is the ââ¬Å"rightâ⬠reply? Parents and society battle with this inquiry every twenty-four hours. Although abstention is the right reply and easiest response. that doesnââ¬â¢t mean that this is the most realistic. Teenss struggle with many force per unit areas covering with issues that make them turn up excessively shortly. Many of these picks can impact their lives everlastingly. Is education plenty? Should parents do certain that they are a portion of these life changing determinations or wo uld they prefer that the determination be made for them by the provinces of federal authorities? You are officially an grownup one time you reach the age of 18 ; this means you can take attention of yourself. I believe that you should hold your parents consent for acquiring birth control until you are at least an grownup. Plants Cited ââ¬Å"Birth control methods. â⬠Planned Parenthood. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. plannedparenthood. org/health- topics/birth-control-4211. htm gt ; . ââ¬Å"Cervical Cancer Soars in Young: Rise in Unprotected Sex Sees Cases Soar. â⬠Mail Online. N. p. . n. d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. dailymail. co. uk/health/article-2057816/Cervical-cancer-soars-young-Rise-unprotected-sex-sees-cases-soar. hypertext markup language gt ; . ââ¬Å"Minors Access to Contraceptive Services. â⬠State Policies in Brief. AGI. Dec 1. 2005. ââ¬Å"Coping with Birth Controlâ⬠by Michael D. Benson. M. D. ( Rosen Publishing Group. 1998 ) . Precise birth control information so teens can do intelligent determinations. Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-13364221606971700972020-03-30T08:33:00.001-07:002020-03-30T08:33:04.062-07:00Diffusion of Innovations Essay ExampleDiffusion of Innovations Essay The diffusion of innovations according to Rogers. With successive groups of consumers adopting the new technology (shown in blue), its market share (yellow) will eventually reach the saturation level. In mathematics the S curve is known as the logistic function. Diffusion of Innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. Everett Rogers, a professor of rural sociology, popularized the theory in his 1962 book Diffusion of Innovations.He said diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system. The origins of the diffusion of innovations theory are varied and span multiple disciplines. Rogers (1962) espoused the theory that there are four main elements that influence the spread of a new idea: the innovation, communication channels, time, and a social system. This process relies heavily on human capital. The innovation must be wid ely adopted in order to self-sustain. Within the rate of adoption, there is a point at which an innovation reaches critical mass.The categories of adopters are: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards (Rogers 1962, p. 150). Diffusion of Innovations manifests itself in different ways in various cultures and fields and is highly subject to the type of adopters and innovation-decision process. The concept of diffusion was first studied by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde (1890) and by German and Austrian anthropologists such as Friedrich Ratzel and Leo Frobenius. [1] Its basic epidemiological or internal-influence form was formulated by H.Earl Pemberton,[2] who provided examples of institutional diffusion such as postage stamps and standardized school ethic codes. In 1962 Everett Rogers, a professor of rural sociology published his work:Diffusion of Innovations. In this seminal piece, Rogers synthesized research from over 508 diffusion studies and pr oduced a theory applied to the adoption of innovations among individuals and organizations. Rogers work asserts that 4 main elements influence the spread of a new idea: the innovation, communication channels, time, and a social system. These elements work in onjunction with one another: diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system. Rogers adds that central to this theory is process. Individuals experience 5 stages of accepting a new innovation: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. If the innovation is adopted, it spreads via various communication channels. During communication, the idea is rarely evaluated from a scientific standpoint; rather, subjective perceptions of the innovation influence diffusion.The process occurs over time. Finally, social systems determine diffusion, norms on diffusion, roles of opinion leaders and change agents, types of innovation deci sions, and innovation consequences. To use Rogersââ¬â¢ model in health requires us to assume that the innovation in classical diffusion theory is equivalent to scientific research findings in the context of practice, an assumption that has not been rigorously tested. How can we spread and sustain innovations in health service delivery and organization? Greenhalgh et al. evaluate an evidence-based model for considering the diffusion of innovations in health service organizations. [3] The origins of the diffusion of innovations theory are varied and span across multiple disciplines. Rogers identifies six main traditions that impacted diffusion research: anthropology, early sociology, rural sociology, education, industrial sociology, and medical sociology. The diffusion of innovation theory has been largely influenced by the work of rural sociologists. [4] In 1971, Rogers published a follow-up work: Communication of Innovations; A Cross-Cultural Approach. uilding on his original the ory on the diffusion process by evaluating social systems. This extension aimed to add value to Rogerââ¬â¢s 1962 touchstone work (Rogers ;amp; Shoemaker, 1971). Elements[edit sourceà | editbeta] The key elements in diffusion research are: Element| Definition| Innovation| Rogers defines an innovation as an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption. [5]| Communication channels| A communication channel is the means by which messages get from one individual to another. 6]| Time| The innovation-decision period is the length of time required to pass through the innovation-decision process. [7] Rate of adoption is the relative speed with which an innovation is adopted by members of a social system. [8]| Social system| A social system is defined as a set of interrelated units that are engaged in joint problem solving to accomplish a common goal. [9]| Decisions[edit sourceà | editbeta] Two factors determine what type a particular dec ision is: * Whether the decision is made freely and implemented voluntarily, * Who makes the decision.Based on these considerations, three types of innovation-decisions have been identified within diffusion of innovations. Type| Definition| Optional Innovation-Decision| This decision is made by an individual who is in some way distinguished from others in a social system. | Collective Innovation-Decision| This decision is made collectively by all individuals of a social system. | Authority Innovation-Decision| This decision is made for the entire social system by few individuals in positions of influence or power. | Process[edit sourceà | editbeta]Diffusion of an innovation occurs through a fiveââ¬âstep process. This process is a type of decision-making. It occurs through a series of communication channels over a period of time among the members of a similar social system. Ryan and Gross first indicated the identification of adoption as a process in 1943 (Rogers 1962, p. 79). Rogers five stages (steps): awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption are integral to this theory. An individual might reject an innovation at any time during or after the adoption process.Scholars such as Abrahamson (1991) examine this process critically by posing questions such as: How do technically inefficient innovations diffuse and what impedes technically efficient innovations from catching on? Abrahamson makes suggestions for how organizational scientists can more comprehensively evaluate the spread of innovations. [10] In later editions of the Diffusion of Innovations Rogers changes the terminology of the five stages to: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. However the descriptions of the categories have remained similar throughout the editions.Five stages of the adoption process| Stage| Definition| Knowledge| In this stage the individual is first exposed to an innovation but lacks information about the innovation. During this stage of the process the individual has not been inspired to find more information about the innovation. | Persuasion| In this stage the individual is interested in the innovation and actively seeks information/detail about the innovation. | Decision| In this stage the individual takes the concept of the change and weighs the advantages/disadvantages of using the innovation and decides whether to adopt or reject the innovation.Due to the individualistic nature of this stage Rogers notes that it is the most difficult stage to acquire empirical evidence (Rogers 1964, p. 83). | Implementation| In this stage the individual employs the innovation to a varying degree depending on the situation. During this stage the individual determines the usefulness of the innovation and may search for further information about it. | Confirmation| In this stage the individual finalizes his/her decision to continue using the innovation. This stage is both intrapersonal (may cause cognitive dissonance) and int erpersonal, confirmation the group has made the right decision. Rate of Adoption[edit sourceà | editbeta] The rate of adoption is defined as the relative speed in which members of a social system adopt an innovation. Rate is usually measured by the length of time required for a certain percentage of the members of a social system to adopt an innovation (Rogers 1962, p. 134). The rates of adoption for innovations are determined by an individualââ¬â¢s adopter category. In general, individuals who first adopt an innovation require a shorter adoption period (adoption process) when compared to late adopters.Within the rate of adoption, there is a point at which an innovation reaches critical mass. This is a point in time within the adoption curve that the amount of individuals adopters ensure that continued adoption of the innovation is self-sustaining. Illustrating how an innovation reaches critical mass, Rogers outlines several strategies in order to help an innovation reach this stage. Strategies to propel diffusion include: when an innovation adopted by a highly respected individual within a social network, creating an instinctive desire for a specific innovation.Also, injecting an innovation into a group of individuals who would readily use said technology, and provide positive reactions and benefits for early adopters of an innovation. Difference Between Diffusion and Adoption[edit sourceà | editbeta] Adoption is an individual process detailing the series of stages one undergoes from first hearing about a product to finally adopting it. The diffusion process, however, signifies a group of phenomena, which suggests how an innovation spreads among consumers. Overall, the diffusion process essentially encompasses the adoption process of several individuals over time.Adopter categories[edit sourceà | editbeta] Rogers defines an adopter category as a classification of individuals within a social system on the basis of innovativeness. In the book Diffusion of Innovations, Rogers suggests a total of five categories of adopters in order to standardize the usage of adopter categories in diffusion research. The adoption of an innovation follows an S curve when plotted over a length of time. [11] The categories of adopters are: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards (Rogers 1962, p. 50) In addition to the gatekeepers and opinion leaders who exist within a given community, there are change agents from outside the community. Change agents essentially bring innovations to new communitiesââ¬â ? rst through the gatekeepers, then through the opinion leaders, and so on through the community. Adopter category| Definition| Innovators| Innovators are the first individuals to adopt an innovation. Innovators are willing to take risks, youngest in age, have the highest social class, have great financial liquidity, are very social and have closest contact to scientific sources and interaction with other innovators.R isk tolerance has them adopting technologies which may ultimately fail. Financial resources help absorb these failures. (Rogers 1962 5th ed, p. 282)| Early adopters| This is the second fastest category of individuals who adopt an innovation. These individuals have the highest degree of opinion leadership among the other adopter categories. Early adopters are typically younger in age, have a higher social status, have more financial lucidity, advanced education, and are more socially forward than late adopters.More discrete in adoption choices than innovators. Realize judicious choice of adoption will help them maintain central communication position (Rogers 1962 5th ed, p. 283). | Early Majority| Individuals in this category adopt an innovation after a varying degree of time. This time of adoption is significantly longer than the innovators and early adopters. Early Majority tend to be slower in the adoption process, have above average social status, contact with early adopters, and seldom hold positions of opinion leadership in a system (Rogers 1962 5th ed, p. 83)| Late Majority| Individuals in this category will adopt an innovation after the average member of the society. These individuals approach an innovation with a high degree of skepticism and after the majority of society has adopted the innovation. Late Majority are typically skeptical about an innovation, have below average social status, very little financial lucidity, in contact with others in late majority and early majority, very little opinion leadership. | Laggards| Individuals in this category are the last to adopt an innovation.Unlike some of the previous categories, individuals in this category show little to no opinion leadership. These individuals typically have an aversion to change-agents and tend to be advanced in age. Laggards typically tend to be focused on traditions, likely to have lowest social status, lowest financial fluidity, be oldest of all other adopters, in contact with only family and close friends. | Rogersââ¬â¢ 5 Factors[edit sourceà | editbeta] Rogers defines several intrinsic characteristics of innovations that influence an individualââ¬â¢s decision to adopt or reject an innovation.Factor| Definition| Relative Advantage| How improved an innovation is over the previous generation. | Compatibility| The level of compatibility that an innovation has to be assimilated into an individualââ¬â¢s life. | Complexity or Simplicity| If the innovation is perceived as complicated or difficult to use, an individual is unlikely to adopt it. | Trialability| How easily an innovation may be experimented. If a user is able to test an innovation, the individual will be more likely to adopt it. | Observability| The extent that an innovation is visible to others.An innovation that is more visible will drive communication among the individualââ¬â¢s peers and personal networks and will in turn create more positive or negative reactions. | Failed Diffusion[ed it sourceà | editbeta] Rogers, in his Diffusion of Innovation writings, discussed a situation in Peru involving the implementation of water boiling to obtain higher health and wellness levels of the individuals living within the village of Los Molinas. The residents of the village have no knowledge of the link between particular sanitation and reduced levels of illness.The campaign was working with the villagers to try and teach them how to boil their water to make it healthier for consumption, as well as to burn their garbage, install working latrines, and report cases of illness to local health agencies. In Los Molinas, a stigma is linked to boiled water as being something that only the unwell consume, and thus, the idea of healthy residents boiling their water prior to consumption was frowned upon, and those who did so wouldnt be accepted by their society.Thus, the two-year campaign to help bring more sanitary ways of living to this village was considered to be largely unsucces sful. Much of the reason for the lack of success is because the social norms and standards of acceptance into society greatly outweighed the idea of taking on this innovation, even at the sake of the health, well-being, and greater levels of education to the villagers. This failure better exemplified the importance of the roles of the interpersonal communication channels that are involved in such a health-related campaign for social change.Burt, R. S. (1973) also looked at the process of diffusion in El Salvador and asks: Is there a differential influence exercised by social integration on participation in the diffusion process and is such influence, significant above that exerted by other important diffusion relevant variables? [12] Heterophily and communication channels[edit sourceà | editbeta] Lazarsfeld and Merton first called attention to the principles of homophily and its opposite, heterophily. 13] Using their definition, Rogers defines homophily as the degree to which pair s of individuals who interact are similar in certain attributes, such as beliefs, education, social status, and the like. [13] When given the choice, individuals usually choose to interact with someone similar to him or herself. [14] Furthermore, homophilous individuals engage in more effective communication because their similarities lead to greater knowledge gain as well as attitude or behavior change. 14] However, most participants in the diffusion of innovations are heterophilous, meaning they speak different languages, so to speak. [14] The problem is that diffusion requires a certain degree of heterophily; if two individuals are identical, no diffusion occurs because no new information can be exchanged. [14] Therefore, an ideal situation would involve two individuals who are homophilous in every way, except in knowledge of the innovation. [14] The Role of Social Systems[edit sourceà | editbeta] Opinion Leaders[edit sourceà | editbeta]Throughout the diffusion process there is evidence that not all individuals exert an equal amount of influence over all individuals. In this sense there are Opinion Leaders, leaders who are influential in spreading either positive or negative information about an innovation. Rogers relies on the ideas of Katz amp; Lazarsfeld and the two-step flow theory in developing his ideas on the influence of Opinion Leaders in the diffusion process. [15] Opinion Leaders have the most influence during the evaluation stage of the innovation-decision process and late adopters (Rogers 1964, p. 19). In addition opinion leaders have a set of characteristics that set them apart from their followers and other individuals. Opinion Leaders typically have greater exposure to the mass media, more cosmopolitan, greater contact with change agents, more social experience and exposure, higher socioeconomic status, and are more innovative. Research was done in the early 1950s at the University of Chicago attempting to assess the cost-effectiveness o f broadcast advertising on the diffusion of new products and services. 16] The findings were that opinion leadership tended to be organized into a hierarchy within a society, with each level in the hierarchy having most influence over other members in the same level, and on those in the next level below it. The lowest levels were generally larger in numbers, and tended to coincide with various demographic attributes that might be targeted by mass advertising. However, it found that direct word of mouth and example were far more influential than broadcast messages, which were only effective if they reinforced the direct influences.This led to the conclusion that advertising was best targeted, if possible, on those next in line to adopt, and not on those not yet reached by the chain of influence. It can be a waste of money to market to those not yet ready to buy. Other research relating the concept to public choice theory finds that the hierarchy of influence for innovations need not, and likely does not, coincide with hierarchies of official, political, or economic status. [17] Elites are often not innovators, and innovations may have to be introduced by outsiders and propagated up a hierarchy to the top decision makers.Electronic communication social networks[edit sourceà | editbeta] Prior to the introduction of the Internet, it was argued that social networks had a crucial role in the diffusion of innovation particularly tacit knowledge in the book The IRG Solution hierarchical incompetence and how to overcome it. The book argued that the widespread adoption of computer networks of individuals would lead to the much better diffusion of innovations, and with greater understanding of their possible shortcomings, and the identification of needed innovations that would not have otherwise occurred the Relevance paradox.The social model proposed by Ryan and Gross (1943) (Rogers 1962, p. 79) is expanded by Valente (1996)[18] who uses social networks as a basis f or adopter categorization instead of solely relying on the system-level analysis used by Ryan and Gross. Valente also looks at an individuals personal network, which is a different application than the organizational perspective espoused by many other scholars. [18] Organizations[edit sourceà | editbeta] Innovations are often adopted by organizations through two types of innovation-decisions: collective innovation decisions and authority innovation decisions.The collective innovation decision occurs when the adoption of an innovation has been made by a consensus among the members of an organization. The authority-innovation decision occurs when the adoption of an innovation has been made by very few individuals with high positions of power within an organization (Rogers 2005, p. 403). Unlike the optional innovation decision process, these innovation-decision processes only occur within an organization or hierarchical group.Within the innovation decision process in an organization there are certain individuals termed champions who stand behind an innovation and break through any opposition that the innovation may have caused. The champion within the diffusion of innovation theory plays a very similar role as to the champion used within the efficiency business model Six Sigma. The innovation process within an organization contains five stages that are slightly similar to the innovation-decision process that individuals undertake.These stages are: agenda-setting, matching, redefining/restructuring, clarifying, routinizing. Policy Diffusion[edit sourceà | editbeta] The theories of diffusion have spread beyond the original applied fields. In the case of political science and administration, policy diffusion focuses on how institutional innovations are adopted by other institutions, at the local, state or country level. An alternative term is policy transfer where the focus is more on the agents of diffusion such as in the work of Diane Stone.The first interests with regards to policy diffusion were focused in the variation over time (Berry ;amp; Berry 1990[19] or [1], state lottery adoption) but more recently the interest has shifted towards mechanisms (emulation, learning, coercion, as in Simmons ;amp; Elkins (2004)[20] or Gilardi (2010)[21] or in channels of diffusion (as in Jordana, Levi-Faur and Fernandez-i-Marin (2011)[22]), where the authors find that the creation of regulatory agencies is transmitted by country and sector channels).Diffusion of New Technology[edit sourceà | editbeta] Peres, Muller and Mahajan (2010) suggest that Innovation diffusion of a new technology is the process of the market penetration of new products and services that is driven by social in? uences, which include all interdependencies among consumers that affect various market players with or without their explicit knowledge. [23] Eveland (1986) evaluated diffusion of innovations from a strictly phenomenological view, which is very different than the othe r perspectives I found.He asserts that, ââ¬Å"Technology is information, and exists only to the degree that people can put it into practice and use it to achieve valuesâ⬠[24] Diffusion of existing technologies has been measured in S curves. These technologies include radio, television, VCR, cable, flush toilet, clothes washer, refrigerator, home ownership, air conditioning, dishwasher, electrified households, telephone, cordless phone, cellular phone, per capita airline miles, personal computer and the Internet. This data[25] can be assessed as a valuable predictor for future innovations. Diffusion curves forInfrastructures[26] This data reveals stunning contrast in the diffusion process of personal technologies versus infrastructure. Consequences of adoption[edit sourceà | editbeta] There are both positive and negative outcomes when an individual or organization chooses to adopt a particular innovation. Rogers states that this is an area that needs further research because of the biased positive attitude that is associated with the adoption of an innovation (Rogers 2005, p. 470). In the Diffusion of Innovation, Rogers lists three categories for consequences: desirable vs. ndesirable, direct vs. indirect, and anticipated vs. unanticipated. In her article, Integrating Models of Diffusion of Innovations, Barbara Wejnert details two categories for consequences: public vs. private and benefits vs. costs. [27] Public vs. Private[edit sourceà | editbeta] Public consequences refer to the impact of an innovation on those other than the actor, while private consequences refer to the impact on the actor itself. [27] Public consequences usually involve collective actors, such as countries, states, organizations, or social movements. 27] The results are usually concerned with issues of societal well-being. [27] Private consequences usually involve individuals or small collective entities, such as a community. [27] The innovations are usually concerned with the i mprovement of quality of life or the reform of organizational or social structures. [27] Benefits vs. Costs[edit sourceà | editbeta] The benefits of an innovation obviously refer to the positive consequences, while the costs refer to the negative. [28] Costs may be monetary or nonmonetary, direct or indirect. 28] Direct costs are usually related to financial uncertainty and the economic state of the actor. [28] Indirect costs are more difficult to identify. [28] An example would be the need to buy a new kind of fertilizer to use innovative seeds. [28] Indirect costs may also be social, such as social conflict caused by innovation [28] Marketers are particularly interested in the diffusion process as it determines the success or failure of a new product. It is quite important for a marketer to understand the diffusion process so as to ensure proper management of the spread of a new product or service.Mathematical treatment[edit sourceà | editbeta] Main article: Logistic function The diffusion of an innovation typically follows an S shaped curve which often resembles a logistic function. Mathematical programming models such as the S-D model apply the diffusion of innovations theory to real data problems. [29] International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)[edit sourceà | editbeta] Several papers on the relationship between technology and the economy have been written by researchers at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).The pertinent papers deal with energy substitution and the role of work in the economy as well as with the long economic cycle. Using the logistic function, these researchers were able to provide new insight into market penetration, saturation and forecasting the diffusion of various innovations, infrastructures and energy source substitutions. [30] Cesare Marchetti published on Kondretiev waves and on diffusion of innovations. [31] Grubler (1990) presents a mathematical discussion of diffusion and substition models. 32] Criticism[edit sourceà | editbeta] Much of the evidence for the diffusion of innovations gathered by Rogers comes from agricultural methods and medical practice. Various computer models have been developed in order to simulate the diffusion of innovations. Veneris developed a systems dynamics computer model which takes into account various diffusion patterns modeled via differential equations. [33][34] There are a number of criticisms of the model which make it less than useful for managers.First, technologies are not static. There is continual innovation in order to attract new adopters all along the S-curve. The S-curve does not just happen. Instead, the s-curve can be seen as being made up of a series of bell curves of different sections of a population adopting different versions of a generic innovation. Rogers has placed the contributions and criticisms of diffusion research into four categories: pro-innovation bias, individual-blame bias, recall proble m, and issues of equality. 35] One of the cons of the Diffusion of Innovation approach is that the communication process involved is a one-way flow of information. The sender of the message has a goal to persuade the receiver, and there is little to no dialogue. The person implementing the change controls the direction and outcome of the campaign. In some cases, this is the best approach, but other cases require a more participatory approach. Diffusion of Innovations Essay Example Diffusion of Innovations Essay The diffusion of innovations according to Rogers. With successive groups of consumers adopting the new technology (shown in blue), its market share (yellow) will eventually reach the saturation level. In mathematics the S curve is known as the logistic function. Diffusion of Innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. Everett Rogers, a professor of rural sociology, popularized the theory in his 1962 book Diffusion of Innovations.He said diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system. The origins of the diffusion of innovations theory are varied and span multiple disciplines. Rogers (1962) espoused the theory that there are four main elements that influence the spread of a new idea: the innovation, communication channels, time, and a social system. This process relies heavily on human capital. The innovation must be wid ely adopted in order to self-sustain. Within the rate of adoption, there is a point at which an innovation reaches critical mass.The categories of adopters are: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards (Rogers 1962, p. 150). Diffusion of Innovations manifests itself in different ways in various cultures and fields and is highly subject to the type of adopters and innovation-decision process. The concept of diffusion was first studied by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde (1890) and by German and Austrian anthropologists such as Friedrich Ratzel and Leo Frobenius. [1] Its basic epidemiological or internal-influence form was formulated by H.Earl Pemberton,[2] who provided examples of institutional diffusion such as postage stamps and standardized school ethic codes. In 1962 Everett Rogers, a professor of rural sociology published his work:Diffusion of Innovations. In this seminal piece, Rogers synthesized research from over 508 diffusion studies and pr oduced a theory applied to the adoption of innovations among individuals and organizations. Rogers work asserts that 4 main elements influence the spread of a new idea: the innovation, communication channels, time, and a social system. These elements work in onjunction with one another: diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system. Rogers adds that central to this theory is process. Individuals experience 5 stages of accepting a new innovation: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. If the innovation is adopted, it spreads via various communication channels. During communication, the idea is rarely evaluated from a scientific standpoint; rather, subjective perceptions of the innovation influence diffusion.The process occurs over time. Finally, social systems determine diffusion, norms on diffusion, roles of opinion leaders and change agents, types of innovation deci sions, and innovation consequences. To use Rogersââ¬â¢ model in health requires us to assume that the innovation in classical diffusion theory is equivalent to scientific research findings in the context of practice, an assumption that has not been rigorously tested. How can we spread and sustain innovations in health service delivery and organization? Greenhalgh et al. evaluate an evidence-based model for considering the diffusion of innovations in health service organizations. [3] The origins of the diffusion of innovations theory are varied and span across multiple disciplines. Rogers identifies six main traditions that impacted diffusion research: anthropology, early sociology, rural sociology, education, industrial sociology, and medical sociology. The diffusion of innovation theory has been largely influenced by the work of rural sociologists. [4] In 1971, Rogers published a follow-up work: Communication of Innovations; A Cross-Cultural Approach. uilding on his original the ory on the diffusion process by evaluating social systems. This extension aimed to add value to Rogerââ¬â¢s 1962 touchstone work (Rogers ;amp; Shoemaker, 1971). Elements[edit sourceà | editbeta] The key elements in diffusion research are: Element| Definition| Innovation| Rogers defines an innovation as an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption. [5]| Communication channels| A communication channel is the means by which messages get from one individual to another. 6]| Time| The innovation-decision period is the length of time required to pass through the innovation-decision process. [7] Rate of adoption is the relative speed with which an innovation is adopted by members of a social system. [8]| Social system| A social system is defined as a set of interrelated units that are engaged in joint problem solving to accomplish a common goal. [9]| Decisions[edit sourceà | editbeta] Two factors determine what type a particular dec ision is: * Whether the decision is made freely and implemented voluntarily, * Who makes the decision.Based on these considerations, three types of innovation-decisions have been identified within diffusion of innovations. Type| Definition| Optional Innovation-Decision| This decision is made by an individual who is in some way distinguished from others in a social system. | Collective Innovation-Decision| This decision is made collectively by all individuals of a social system. | Authority Innovation-Decision| This decision is made for the entire social system by few individuals in positions of influence or power. | Process[edit sourceà | editbeta]Diffusion of an innovation occurs through a fiveââ¬âstep process. This process is a type of decision-making. It occurs through a series of communication channels over a period of time among the members of a similar social system. Ryan and Gross first indicated the identification of adoption as a process in 1943 (Rogers 1962, p. 79). Rogers five stages (steps): awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption are integral to this theory. An individual might reject an innovation at any time during or after the adoption process.Scholars such as Abrahamson (1991) examine this process critically by posing questions such as: How do technically inefficient innovations diffuse and what impedes technically efficient innovations from catching on? Abrahamson makes suggestions for how organizational scientists can more comprehensively evaluate the spread of innovations. [10] In later editions of the Diffusion of Innovations Rogers changes the terminology of the five stages to: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. However the descriptions of the categories have remained similar throughout the editions.Five stages of the adoption process| Stage| Definition| Knowledge| In this stage the individual is first exposed to an innovation but lacks information about the innovation. During this stage of the process the individual has not been inspired to find more information about the innovation. | Persuasion| In this stage the individual is interested in the innovation and actively seeks information/detail about the innovation. | Decision| In this stage the individual takes the concept of the change and weighs the advantages/disadvantages of using the innovation and decides whether to adopt or reject the innovation.Due to the individualistic nature of this stage Rogers notes that it is the most difficult stage to acquire empirical evidence (Rogers 1964, p. 83). | Implementation| In this stage the individual employs the innovation to a varying degree depending on the situation. During this stage the individual determines the usefulness of the innovation and may search for further information about it. | Confirmation| In this stage the individual finalizes his/her decision to continue using the innovation. This stage is both intrapersonal (may cause cognitive dissonance) and int erpersonal, confirmation the group has made the right decision. Rate of Adoption[edit sourceà | editbeta] The rate of adoption is defined as the relative speed in which members of a social system adopt an innovation. Rate is usually measured by the length of time required for a certain percentage of the members of a social system to adopt an innovation (Rogers 1962, p. 134). The rates of adoption for innovations are determined by an individualââ¬â¢s adopter category. In general, individuals who first adopt an innovation require a shorter adoption period (adoption process) when compared to late adopters.Within the rate of adoption, there is a point at which an innovation reaches critical mass. This is a point in time within the adoption curve that the amount of individuals adopters ensure that continued adoption of the innovation is self-sustaining. Illustrating how an innovation reaches critical mass, Rogers outlines several strategies in order to help an innovation reach this stage. Strategies to propel diffusion include: when an innovation adopted by a highly respected individual within a social network, creating an instinctive desire for a specific innovation.Also, injecting an innovation into a group of individuals who would readily use said technology, and provide positive reactions and benefits for early adopters of an innovation. Difference Between Diffusion and Adoption[edit sourceà | editbeta] Adoption is an individual process detailing the series of stages one undergoes from first hearing about a product to finally adopting it. The diffusion process, however, signifies a group of phenomena, which suggests how an innovation spreads among consumers. Overall, the diffusion process essentially encompasses the adoption process of several individuals over time.Adopter categories[edit sourceà | editbeta] Rogers defines an adopter category as a classification of individuals within a social system on the basis of innovativeness. In the book Diffusion of Innovations, Rogers suggests a total of five categories of adopters in order to standardize the usage of adopter categories in diffusion research. The adoption of an innovation follows an S curve when plotted over a length of time. [11] The categories of adopters are: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards (Rogers 1962, p. 50) In addition to the gatekeepers and opinion leaders who exist within a given community, there are change agents from outside the community. Change agents essentially bring innovations to new communitiesââ¬â ? rst through the gatekeepers, then through the opinion leaders, and so on through the community. Adopter category| Definition| Innovators| Innovators are the first individuals to adopt an innovation. Innovators are willing to take risks, youngest in age, have the highest social class, have great financial liquidity, are very social and have closest contact to scientific sources and interaction with other innovators.R isk tolerance has them adopting technologies which may ultimately fail. Financial resources help absorb these failures. (Rogers 1962 5th ed, p. 282)| Early adopters| This is the second fastest category of individuals who adopt an innovation. These individuals have the highest degree of opinion leadership among the other adopter categories. Early adopters are typically younger in age, have a higher social status, have more financial lucidity, advanced education, and are more socially forward than late adopters.More discrete in adoption choices than innovators. Realize judicious choice of adoption will help them maintain central communication position (Rogers 1962 5th ed, p. 283). | Early Majority| Individuals in this category adopt an innovation after a varying degree of time. This time of adoption is significantly longer than the innovators and early adopters. Early Majority tend to be slower in the adoption process, have above average social status, contact with early adopters, and seldom hold positions of opinion leadership in a system (Rogers 1962 5th ed, p. 83)| Late Majority| Individuals in this category will adopt an innovation after the average member of the society. These individuals approach an innovation with a high degree of skepticism and after the majority of society has adopted the innovation. Late Majority are typically skeptical about an innovation, have below average social status, very little financial lucidity, in contact with others in late majority and early majority, very little opinion leadership. | Laggards| Individuals in this category are the last to adopt an innovation.Unlike some of the previous categories, individuals in this category show little to no opinion leadership. These individuals typically have an aversion to change-agents and tend to be advanced in age. Laggards typically tend to be focused on traditions, likely to have lowest social status, lowest financial fluidity, be oldest of all other adopters, in contact with only family and close friends. | Rogersââ¬â¢ 5 Factors[edit sourceà | editbeta] Rogers defines several intrinsic characteristics of innovations that influence an individualââ¬â¢s decision to adopt or reject an innovation.Factor| Definition| Relative Advantage| How improved an innovation is over the previous generation. | Compatibility| The level of compatibility that an innovation has to be assimilated into an individualââ¬â¢s life. | Complexity or Simplicity| If the innovation is perceived as complicated or difficult to use, an individual is unlikely to adopt it. | Trialability| How easily an innovation may be experimented. If a user is able to test an innovation, the individual will be more likely to adopt it. | Observability| The extent that an innovation is visible to others.An innovation that is more visible will drive communication among the individualââ¬â¢s peers and personal networks and will in turn create more positive or negative reactions. | Failed Diffusion[ed it sourceà | editbeta] Rogers, in his Diffusion of Innovation writings, discussed a situation in Peru involving the implementation of water boiling to obtain higher health and wellness levels of the individuals living within the village of Los Molinas. The residents of the village have no knowledge of the link between particular sanitation and reduced levels of illness.The campaign was working with the villagers to try and teach them how to boil their water to make it healthier for consumption, as well as to burn their garbage, install working latrines, and report cases of illness to local health agencies. In Los Molinas, a stigma is linked to boiled water as being something that only the unwell consume, and thus, the idea of healthy residents boiling their water prior to consumption was frowned upon, and those who did so wouldnt be accepted by their society.Thus, the two-year campaign to help bring more sanitary ways of living to this village was considered to be largely unsucces sful. Much of the reason for the lack of success is because the social norms and standards of acceptance into society greatly outweighed the idea of taking on this innovation, even at the sake of the health, well-being, and greater levels of education to the villagers. This failure better exemplified the importance of the roles of the interpersonal communication channels that are involved in such a health-related campaign for social change.Burt, R. S. (1973) also looked at the process of diffusion in El Salvador and asks: Is there a differential influence exercised by social integration on participation in the diffusion process and is such influence, significant above that exerted by other important diffusion relevant variables? [12] Heterophily and communication channels[edit sourceà | editbeta] Lazarsfeld and Merton first called attention to the principles of homophily and its opposite, heterophily. 13] Using their definition, Rogers defines homophily as the degree to which pair s of individuals who interact are similar in certain attributes, such as beliefs, education, social status, and the like. [13] When given the choice, individuals usually choose to interact with someone similar to him or herself. [14] Furthermore, homophilous individuals engage in more effective communication because their similarities lead to greater knowledge gain as well as attitude or behavior change. 14] However, most participants in the diffusion of innovations are heterophilous, meaning they speak different languages, so to speak. [14] The problem is that diffusion requires a certain degree of heterophily; if two individuals are identical, no diffusion occurs because no new information can be exchanged. [14] Therefore, an ideal situation would involve two individuals who are homophilous in every way, except in knowledge of the innovation. [14] The Role of Social Systems[edit sourceà | editbeta] Opinion Leaders[edit sourceà | editbeta]Throughout the diffusion process there is evidence that not all individuals exert an equal amount of influence over all individuals. In this sense there are Opinion Leaders, leaders who are influential in spreading either positive or negative information about an innovation. Rogers relies on the ideas of Katz amp; Lazarsfeld and the two-step flow theory in developing his ideas on the influence of Opinion Leaders in the diffusion process. [15] Opinion Leaders have the most influence during the evaluation stage of the innovation-decision process and late adopters (Rogers 1964, p. 19). In addition opinion leaders have a set of characteristics that set them apart from their followers and other individuals. Opinion Leaders typically have greater exposure to the mass media, more cosmopolitan, greater contact with change agents, more social experience and exposure, higher socioeconomic status, and are more innovative. Research was done in the early 1950s at the University of Chicago attempting to assess the cost-effectiveness o f broadcast advertising on the diffusion of new products and services. 16] The findings were that opinion leadership tended to be organized into a hierarchy within a society, with each level in the hierarchy having most influence over other members in the same level, and on those in the next level below it. The lowest levels were generally larger in numbers, and tended to coincide with various demographic attributes that might be targeted by mass advertising. However, it found that direct word of mouth and example were far more influential than broadcast messages, which were only effective if they reinforced the direct influences.This led to the conclusion that advertising was best targeted, if possible, on those next in line to adopt, and not on those not yet reached by the chain of influence. It can be a waste of money to market to those not yet ready to buy. Other research relating the concept to public choice theory finds that the hierarchy of influence for innovations need not, and likely does not, coincide with hierarchies of official, political, or economic status. [17] Elites are often not innovators, and innovations may have to be introduced by outsiders and propagated up a hierarchy to the top decision makers.Electronic communication social networks[edit sourceà | editbeta] Prior to the introduction of the Internet, it was argued that social networks had a crucial role in the diffusion of innovation particularly tacit knowledge in the book The IRG Solution hierarchical incompetence and how to overcome it. The book argued that the widespread adoption of computer networks of individuals would lead to the much better diffusion of innovations, and with greater understanding of their possible shortcomings, and the identification of needed innovations that would not have otherwise occurred the Relevance paradox.The social model proposed by Ryan and Gross (1943) (Rogers 1962, p. 79) is expanded by Valente (1996)[18] who uses social networks as a basis f or adopter categorization instead of solely relying on the system-level analysis used by Ryan and Gross. Valente also looks at an individuals personal network, which is a different application than the organizational perspective espoused by many other scholars. [18] Organizations[edit sourceà | editbeta] Innovations are often adopted by organizations through two types of innovation-decisions: collective innovation decisions and authority innovation decisions.The collective innovation decision occurs when the adoption of an innovation has been made by a consensus among the members of an organization. The authority-innovation decision occurs when the adoption of an innovation has been made by very few individuals with high positions of power within an organization (Rogers 2005, p. 403). Unlike the optional innovation decision process, these innovation-decision processes only occur within an organization or hierarchical group.Within the innovation decision process in an organization there are certain individuals termed champions who stand behind an innovation and break through any opposition that the innovation may have caused. The champion within the diffusion of innovation theory plays a very similar role as to the champion used within the efficiency business model Six Sigma. The innovation process within an organization contains five stages that are slightly similar to the innovation-decision process that individuals undertake.These stages are: agenda-setting, matching, redefining/restructuring, clarifying, routinizing. Policy Diffusion[edit sourceà | editbeta] The theories of diffusion have spread beyond the original applied fields. In the case of political science and administration, policy diffusion focuses on how institutional innovations are adopted by other institutions, at the local, state or country level. An alternative term is policy transfer where the focus is more on the agents of diffusion such as in the work of Diane Stone.The first interests with regards to policy diffusion were focused in the variation over time (Berry ;amp; Berry 1990[19] or [1], state lottery adoption) but more recently the interest has shifted towards mechanisms (emulation, learning, coercion, as in Simmons ;amp; Elkins (2004)[20] or Gilardi (2010)[21] or in channels of diffusion (as in Jordana, Levi-Faur and Fernandez-i-Marin (2011)[22]), where the authors find that the creation of regulatory agencies is transmitted by country and sector channels).Diffusion of New Technology[edit sourceà | editbeta] Peres, Muller and Mahajan (2010) suggest that Innovation diffusion of a new technology is the process of the market penetration of new products and services that is driven by social in? uences, which include all interdependencies among consumers that affect various market players with or without their explicit knowledge. [23] Eveland (1986) evaluated diffusion of innovations from a strictly phenomenological view, which is very different than the othe r perspectives I found.He asserts that, ââ¬Å"Technology is information, and exists only to the degree that people can put it into practice and use it to achieve valuesâ⬠[24] Diffusion of existing technologies has been measured in S curves. These technologies include radio, television, VCR, cable, flush toilet, clothes washer, refrigerator, home ownership, air conditioning, dishwasher, electrified households, telephone, cordless phone, cellular phone, per capita airline miles, personal computer and the Internet. This data[25] can be assessed as a valuable predictor for future innovations. Diffusion curves forInfrastructures[26] This data reveals stunning contrast in the diffusion process of personal technologies versus infrastructure. Consequences of adoption[edit sourceà | editbeta] There are both positive and negative outcomes when an individual or organization chooses to adopt a particular innovation. Rogers states that this is an area that needs further research because of the biased positive attitude that is associated with the adoption of an innovation (Rogers 2005, p. 470). In the Diffusion of Innovation, Rogers lists three categories for consequences: desirable vs. ndesirable, direct vs. indirect, and anticipated vs. unanticipated. In her article, Integrating Models of Diffusion of Innovations, Barbara Wejnert details two categories for consequences: public vs. private and benefits vs. costs. [27] Public vs. Private[edit sourceà | editbeta] Public consequences refer to the impact of an innovation on those other than the actor, while private consequences refer to the impact on the actor itself. [27] Public consequences usually involve collective actors, such as countries, states, organizations, or social movements. 27] The results are usually concerned with issues of societal well-being. [27] Private consequences usually involve individuals or small collective entities, such as a community. [27] The innovations are usually concerned with the i mprovement of quality of life or the reform of organizational or social structures. [27] Benefits vs. Costs[edit sourceà | editbeta] The benefits of an innovation obviously refer to the positive consequences, while the costs refer to the negative. [28] Costs may be monetary or nonmonetary, direct or indirect. 28] Direct costs are usually related to financial uncertainty and the economic state of the actor. [28] Indirect costs are more difficult to identify. [28] An example would be the need to buy a new kind of fertilizer to use innovative seeds. [28] Indirect costs may also be social, such as social conflict caused by innovation [28] Marketers are particularly interested in the diffusion process as it determines the success or failure of a new product. It is quite important for a marketer to understand the diffusion process so as to ensure proper management of the spread of a new product or service.Mathematical treatment[edit sourceà | editbeta] Main article: Logistic function The diffusion of an innovation typically follows an S shaped curve which often resembles a logistic function. Mathematical programming models such as the S-D model apply the diffusion of innovations theory to real data problems. [29] International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)[edit sourceà | editbeta] Several papers on the relationship between technology and the economy have been written by researchers at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).The pertinent papers deal with energy substitution and the role of work in the economy as well as with the long economic cycle. Using the logistic function, these researchers were able to provide new insight into market penetration, saturation and forecasting the diffusion of various innovations, infrastructures and energy source substitutions. [30] Cesare Marchetti published on Kondretiev waves and on diffusion of innovations. [31] Grubler (1990) presents a mathematical discussion of diffusion and substition models. 32] Criticism[edit sourceà | editbeta] Much of the evidence for the diffusion of innovations gathered by Rogers comes from agricultural methods and medical practice. Various computer models have been developed in order to simulate the diffusion of innovations. Veneris developed a systems dynamics computer model which takes into account various diffusion patterns modeled via differential equations. [33][34] There are a number of criticisms of the model which make it less than useful for managers.First, technologies are not static. There is continual innovation in order to attract new adopters all along the S-curve. The S-curve does not just happen. Instead, the s-curve can be seen as being made up of a series of bell curves of different sections of a population adopting different versions of a generic innovation. Rogers has placed the contributions and criticisms of diffusion research into four categories: pro-innovation bias, individual-blame bias, recall proble m, and issues of equality. 35] One of the cons of the Diffusion of Innovation approach is that the communication process involved is a one-way flow of information. The sender of the message has a goal to persuade the receiver, and there is little to no dialogue. The person implementing the change controls the direction and outcome of the campaign. In some cases, this is the best approach, but other cases require a more participatory approach. Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-35619523082907469162020-03-07T12:22:00.001-08:002020-03-07T12:22:03.939-08:00An Account of Library and Information Science Education at National and International Levels EssaysAn Account of Library and Information Science Education at National and International Levels Essays An Account of Library and Information Science Education at National and International Levels Essay An Account of Library and Information Science Education at National and International Levels Essay An account of Library and Information Science Education at National and International levels By Keshav R. Dhuri Goa University INTRODUCTION: Among the countries imparting library and information science (LIS) education, India would rank within five nations chronologically, in output and contribution to the development of thought content. If it was Melvil Dewey who made an auspicious beginning in the west, then much more notable contributions came from Dr Ranganathan in the east in all domains of LIS knowledge, thought and content. For LIS education and pedagogy from India in general and from Ranganathan in particular, the it has been unmatched and the world has always turned towards India for something new to emerge from and excel. India has been a pioneer in education and research in LIS, particularly among the developing nations who are looking for a just educational environment in this context. What India can offer to the developing nations in imparting best education, training and research to the aspirants has been discussed in this paper? It gives a brief description of various aspects of LIS education in India and its implied suitability to the aspirants of educatee from the developing nations. PROFILE OF LIS EDUCATION IN INDIA: 1) Genesis and Growth LIS education in India started in 1911, when the Baroda School was started by W A Borden due to the initiative taken by Sayaji Rao Gaikwad II, the then Maharaja of State of Baroda. Since then, India has not looked back and has been striding high in the ladder A. Y. Asundi and c. R. Karisiddappa Information Officer, Siddaganga Institute of Technology. The paper presents a succinct profile and contributions of Indian LIS education since its inception. It also attempts to bring to the fore how this profile presents its international potentiality and perspective scenario in context to developing countries. Bull. Inf. This apart, several universities are concurrently running Distance Education Programmes too. The details of the developments of LIS education in India are well recorded in the status report of the Curriculum Development Committees (CDC) Report on Curriculum for LIS by the University Grants Commission (UGC) 2 ) UGC Efforts: The UGC efforts in the development of LIS education are well evidenced by the three committees that were constituted to formulate model curriculum and pedagogic guidelines for the LIS courses in India. The Ranganathan reports on University and College Libraries and Library Science Education were the first landmarks in this regard. Later, report of the Kaula Committee on Curriculum Development in LIS Education was published in 1992. This was followed with the Karisiddappa Committee report on Curriculum Development in LIS in 2002. The impact of these efforts were first seen in the continuous development of the curriculum with changing times. Second, the UGC recognised LIS as a discipline on par with other pure and applied subjects. Third was the growth of teaching departments in various universities. And finally, it also necessitated the need for qualified personnel to teach the subject, which gave impetus to start the masters and research degrees programmes. Thus the curriculum, developed over the years for the LIS matches with the modem and contemporary developments in the field and has been responsible for the creation of manpower to man the different types of professional responsibilities, in practice and teaching. ) Role of Professional Bodies and Other Agencies: The role of professional associations in India in the promotion of the LIS education and its systematic development has also been noteworthy. The three main professional associations-the Indian Library Association (ILA), the Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centres (IASLIC), and the Indian Association of Teachers of Library and Inform ation Science (IATLIS)-have been holding annual conferences at the national and international levels to take stock of manpower needs and supply of qualified manpower from the departments. In particular, the IA TLIS has been focusing much closer on the education sector than the other two; it widened the scope of the membership to plasticizing librarians so that the teachers and practioners share a common platform towards the developments of education sector and the needs of the practice sector. The IATLIS with ILA and IASLIC also organised jointly a National Seminar on Hundred years of Library Science Education and its Future in October 1987. IATLIS and AGLIS again rganised jointly a National Seminar on IT and its Impact on LIS Education and Library Management in 19965, Two unique courses were developed by the Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC) and the Indian National Science and Documentation Centre (lNSDOC) to cater to the needs of special libraries in particular. However, the inculcation of the graduates from these institutions in teaching programmes have given a new direction to the educational paradigm of LIS. While DRTC is an autonomous central ins titute under the Indian Statistical Institute, INSDOC is a constituent centre of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. The National Centre for Science Information is also offering a postmasters degree course with intensive application of IT to LIS. 4) Levels of Courses in LIS in India In India a variety of courses in LIS are offered and as such the learners have a wide DESIDOC Bull. Inf. Technol. , choice. From a three months Certificate Course to two years Diploma Courses are available to create Para-professionals. The Bachelors, Masters, MPhil and PhD degree programmes are also offered by most of the universities conducting LIS courses. Even at the Masters degree level, there are two courses offering one year BLISc, and one year MLISc or a two years integrated MLISc programme. Besides these, library science is also offered as an optional subject at the three years degree programme to inculcate professional knowledge with college level itself. The UGC report of the CDC gives more details on the structure of these categories. 5) Distance Education in LIS in India: Besides the formal educational programmes in LIS, India also has a good infrastructure of distance education programmes in LIS. As many as 52 universities are offering distance education prgrammes in LIS; some of them such as the Indira Gandhi National Open University (lGNOU) are providing this facility exclusively. IGNOU offers Bachelors, Masters, and Postmasters degrees and even is in the line to extend doctoral programmes in LIS through distance education mode. The course material and the audio- video lessons prepared by IGNOU can match to any international standards in this regard. 6) Curriculum Development and Research Growth: As already mentioned the curriculum of LIS has been continuously revised by he departments at least once in five years. In some cases, it is even once in three years. It takes recourse to the progress of the subject in its various dimensions. The three committees, mentioned already, have been second came only after 20 years. But, today the number of PhDs in LIS far exceeds the time frame; there are 1000 estimated PhD holders in India and each one of them has been guiding several st udents from their respective departments. In the next five years the number of PhD holders in LIS in India would be around SOOO-estimated at about five times more than today. A national meeting on Research in LIS was held in 1994 and numbers of papers on this subject were published to take stock of research output Infrastructure and Other Physical facilities UGCs initiative in providing adequate infrastructure to the LIS departments has enabled them to equip with IT laboratories to provide intensive training in their use. It is a matter of pride that among the developing nations India has the best suited curriculum with orientation to technology applications, (India has been the earliest to include a compulsory paper on library automation as early as in 1980s). The National Accreditation and Assessment Council (NAAC) under UGC have provided enough impetus towards creating good infrastructure, for both libraries and teaching departments. The faculty to teach the traditional and IT related subjects is also available in good number as is evidenced by the large number of conferences, workshops and refresher courses organised by several professional bodies, and the Academic Staff Colleges. The IATLIS also organised a National Conference on the Study of the Infrastructure Facilities available in the LIS departments of the country8. Besides, a statistical presentation in this context has also been given in the UGC Reportl. 8) IT in LIS Education: After the USA, the UK and some European countries, India is one among the few countries, where information and communication technology (ICT)-oriented LIS teaching is being provided. In late 1960s and early 1970s teaching of computer application commenced in Indian library science departments. The courses run by the DRTC and INSDOC also included a paper on library automation. The starting of the INFLIBNET and the Online Information 8 DESIDOC Bull. Inf. Technol. , Retrieval Experiments carried out at National Aeronautical Laboratory and INSDOC gave boost to the inculcation of new technology trends. The contributions of private agencies, in particular the online and CD-ROM database search services started by Informatics (India) are responsible for the initiation of technology culture in Indian libraries and among the library science teachers. A detailed account of technology application in India libraries and library science education has been given by Kumar. The National Information System in Science and Technology/Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (NISSA T IDS IR) and other research and development organisations like Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre (DESIDOC) and Sectoral Information Centres under NISSA T have also contributed to this process of technology application in libraries and the manpower development to man many of these libraries and information centres. Today, India with many projects on digital libraries on hand can be considered as technologically advanced in LIS education with IT applications. Many national and international conferences organised in this aspect gives a clear idea of its technological capabilities. INTERNATIONALISATION OF LIBRARY SCIENCE EDUCATION: The profile of LIS education development prescribed under above shows Indias unique experiences in different aspects of LIS education and place it on par with developed nations in imparting LIS education to the aspirants within and outside the country. Students from Kenya, Ethiopia, Thailand and from SAARC countries: and from many African and South-East Asian regions are coming to India under the fellowship of Indian Council for Cultural Relation (lCCR) for pursuing studies in LIS (from bachelors to PhD programmes) and leading the LIS education mantle in their respective countries. In 2005 two Indian professors of LIS were invited by the Danish Government to participate in the workshop organised by the Royal School of Library and Information Science, Copenhagen, where the participants were LIS educators from Africa, Asia and Latin America. The two scholars are members of the Discussion Group formed by International Federation of Library Association (IFLA) with a special emphasis on LIS education in developing countries. There is growing awareness in the Asia-Pacific region about the training and practice of library and information professionals in the 21st century and need for a regional cooperation with the countries like India, which is affluent with vast experience of teaching, research and practice in LIS. Study by Abdullahi, et al. needs to be referred here in order to surface the ppropriateness of India taking a lead-role in this context, particularly with an emphasis on developing countries. They made a theoretical survey on the importance of international and intercultural opportunities in serving as essential components In educating and training library and information professionals. The scope of the paper is though limited to Europe and North America, but the kind of opportunities identified by them can be a good frame work for the others to set-in their goals. Promotion of distance education is another area where internationalisation of LIS education can be promoted. India, since last 25 years; has been imparting distance education programme is LIS, particularly through IGNOU. IGNOU over the years has achieved substantial experience in this area, has created excellent course material using nations best subject experts to write the lessons, and has also broadcasted the lessons through its national television network. Like India, many other developing countries such as Ghana have been utilising ICT for distance education programmes. Martey in his paper has described the ICT scene in Ghana from 1996 to 2004. His paper emphases on the benefits that distance learners in Ghana will derive from an ICT -enhanced distance education. The paper also makes some suggestions as how academic libraries in Ghana can assist distance learners. India with her experience can also exchange the views with others in DESIDOC Bull. Inf. technology, the developing world. The suggestions made by Subba Rao in this context are also worth mentioning STUDY OF ISSUES RELATING TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: The broad perspectives on making LIS curriculum viable for the global issues were Presented by Karisiddappa. They also deliberated on major issues like emergence of information and knowledge society. The paper enlisted nine major factors that needed inclusion in the LIS curriculum. Many of them have now find place in the curriculum on LIS developed by the CDC of UGC. The curriculum has a viable balance between the traditional and technological aspects, practices, skills, and techniques. Karisiddappa has succinctly stressed the need for a model curriculum for developing countries. Shiholo and Ocholla21 in their paper have deliberated on the training needs of LIS professionals in Kenya. Their paper implies to seek international collaboration in developing a need-based curriculum. Indian expertise can be a part of this exercise to fulfill the requirements. Wijetunge stated that Poor information system has poor curriculum development in Sri Lanka. Ocholla and Bothma made some detailed study on the status, trends and challenges of library and information education and training in Eastern and Southern Africa. Similar studies have come from Mexico by Morales and from Croatia by Horvat. In the comparative case study of graduate courses in library and information studies in the UK, USA, India and Iran Mortezaie and Naghshineh have highlighted the need for curricula revamping in terms of diversity of courses offered; university independence; diversity of degrees offered; ease and flexibility of the higher education system; updated course programmes; emphasis on research; and course and curricula development. The paper also laments on a widening chasm between LIS education in developing countries and those in developed countries. In this context the paper by Asundi and Karisiddappa has presented a detailed perspective on the developing countries needs in their paper presented at the Copenhagen workshop in Denmark. Leif has identified number of collaborative aspects, which are not successful in Europe but could be of relevant to developing nations. The issues of collaboration can be examined by the Indian LIS teachers to make concerted efforts to achieve them. Asundi have also identified some areas of study relevant to developing countries. Like the Bologna Declaration-an international agreement with the help of IFLA could be arrived at with the Indian library and information science Departments working towards achieving the collaborative and participative attitude with The developing country schools. Chaudhry identified The aim to look into projects undertaken to promote collaboration between LIS education programmes in South East Asia. He suggested a plan for developing a repository of learning objects for facilitating sharing of teaching materials for improved LIS education. Faculty development was identified another important area of possible future collaboration in the region with possible involvement of international forums. Wijetunge, made a descriptive survey of LIS teachers of Sri Lanka. He identified a strange reason for the dearth of faculty to teach LIS subjects in Sri Lanka. He also expressed lack of full-time teachers to teach in LIS schools resulting in a set-back to professional education in Sri Lanka. Though the paper suggests for a complete manpower survey of LIS professionals, the gap needs to be filled-up as early as possible. Until then neighboring countries like India, which has needed expertise can help under the collaborative approach adopted by the SAARC countries. The two sections, the internationalization and the issues relating to developing countries, should be placed in juxtaposition and superimposed with the profile of the LIS education presented in the Sections International forums like IFLA have endorsed this View as is evident from the formation of Discussion Group under its purview. The trends in LIS education are rather very conspicuous and the influence of technology is diversifying its approach. Hence, the countries with both traditional approach and suitability to adopt the technology will endure the durability for the future. CONCLUSION: The LIS education in India has a unique profile, as it started as a voluntary vocation by many university libraries. This trend followed for at least a decade or so. An independent identity to the course was reached only in early 1970s. Despite these lacunae, it has progressed well and has attracted the world focus particularly that of the developing world. The profile of LIS education given in the paper shows the landmark achievements in its stride for recognition. Today, it has reached a stage where it is being considered as a course to be reckoned with technologically affluent programmes, and being considered on the agenda of apex bodies offering technical education. It is influenced by within and goes with concurrent progress made by India in the field of IT. In traditional subjects of LIS too, India stands different with scholarly contribution by Or Ranganathan and his contemporaries and disciples. Or Ranganathans contributions are being considered in the design of computerized information retrieval systems. Eisenberg, Michael B, et al. mentioned that an integration of traditional areas and IT developments is seen vibrantly in India as is evidenced by the PhD theses generated by the departments of LIS of Indian universities. The range of LIS subjects researched in India presents a very broad base, expressing in itself its potentialities and expertise in conventional subjects like library classification, library cataloguing, and library management and in the specialized areas like, digital libraries and open archives initiatives. The internationalization of LIS education is an issue being discussed at many international forums, and the role that Europe and North America played in the early genesis, was noteworthy. However, the needs of the developing countries are variable and they are looking towards viable partners to suit their social, cultural, economic and political environment. In consideration of these aspects, India can be considered as a viable partner in reshaping LIS education in developing countries. REFERENCES: 1. Dayani, M. H. (2005). Library and information science educational curriculum: Guidelines for evolution. Quarterly Journal of Library and Information Science 3 (1): 1-20. (Persian language). 2. Fattahi, R. (2005). Education for librarianship in Iran before the 1979 Islamic Revolution: An historical review of the American roles and influences. Library Review 54 (5): 316-327. 3. Fattahi, R. , et. al. (2006). The new MA curriculum for librarianship and information science: The report of a research project. Iranian Journal of Information Science and Technology 4 (2) 4. Ghadirian, A. , ; Asili, G. (2005). The prophecy of government, university and industry in national development. Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education: 127. (Persian language). 5. Gharibi, H. (n. d. ) Information Committee bulletin, No. 8, Available: irandoc. ac. ir/Com/Newsletter/Bulletin-8. htm#A ?. (Persian language). 6. Hayati, Z. (2008). Library and information science challenges in universities of Iran. Quarterly Journal of Library and Information Science 1 (2): 23. (Persian language). 7. Human resource development. (2002). Damparvar Journal 3:9. (Persian language). 8. Iranian Book News Agency (IBNA). (2008). Library and information science educational curricula should be correct: An interview with Dr. Horri. Available: ibna. ir/vdcgwq9x. ak9n34prra. html. (Persian language). 9. Kumar, P. S. G. Computerisation of Indian libraries. B. R. Publishing, New Delhi, 1977. Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-73920197914916885492020-02-20T03:49:00.001-08:002020-02-20T03:49:03.278-08:00Scholarly Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsScholarly Project - Essay Example Such writings made it possible for future generation to know the culture of Native Americans as well as their contribution to American life. Therefore, it can be observed that the Native Americans made some significant contribution. The following are some of the most significant contributions of Native Americans to American life and culture namely; they made a significant role in maintaining the land by ensuring that the ecology was in good condition. For example, Native Americans could not destroy the land or kill an animal that they did not use instead they preserved it for the sake of future generation. Secondly, Native Americans made a significant contribution in agriculture; they grew food like potatoes, pepper, sunflower tomatoes, corns, sunflowers, to mention just but a few. It has been reported that Native Americans made a significant contribution prior the coming of European settlers in America. For example, they shared their food and farming method with the European settler s who came to settle in the Northern parts of America. Research indicates that most of the groups such as scouts and played in the present America were invented by the Native American. Example of those games includes; American soccer, tag of war-games to mention just but a few (Nabokov, 197-390). In above connection, Native Americans made a profound contribution in terms of the present administration system in America. It was reported that the idea of having a federal government in the United State was borrowed from the Native Americans where administrative power were distributed to the central government and states. Moreover, the Native American made a great contribution in the field of medicine, they used to each plants that are reached in Vitamin to prevent certain diseases like scurvy, they passed this idea to the Europeans who later passed it to the present American natives. Moreover, Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-40808363779615623862020-02-04T16:13:00.001-08:002020-02-04T16:13:02.675-08:00Eyewitness the movie and the issue of identification EssayEyewitness the movie and the issue of identification - Essay Example Eyewitness the Movie and the Issue of Identification Introduction For many years, a debate on the issue of eyewitness identification and testimony has been raging with thin the justice system.One camp pushes the concept that that eyewitness identification is not reliable and is, in fact, detrimental to the pursuit of genuine justice. This side of the argument insists that eyewitness accounts have many times resulted into the resolution of cases based on testimonies, which could be subjective and inaccurate, instead of on the merits of physical evidences, which could be more concrete and objective. The opposing camp, on the other hand, insists that eyewitness accounts are necessary to hasten the resolution of criminal cases in court. It stresses the point that without the testimony of a person who saw the crime committed, positive identification of the suspects cannot be achieved. Even as the debate on the merits and demerits of the two sides continue though, there have been films and television shows that tackle the issue directly and indirectly. The movie Eyewitness may not have presented a courtroom drama that dealt with the pros and cons eyewitness testimony but it did present the filmmakerââ¬â¢s own perspective on the issue. It did so by depicting a character that wishes to present himself as a witness to a crime not because he is interested in seeing the resolution of a murder case but because of his personal objective of winning the affection of a person. Weakness of Eyewitness Testimony Eyewitness is a movie that was released in 1981. The film was directed by Peter Yates and written by Steve Tesich. It stars William Hurt as Daryll Deever, the janitor who discovered the body of a murder victim in the building he is working in. Sigourney Weaver plays the role of a zealous television reporter, Tony Sokolow, who wants to get a scoop of the murder case. Deever sees the opportunity of becoming close to Sokolow when he presented himself as someone who discov ered the body. While this may be true though, Deever goes to the extent of insinuating that he saw more than just the dead body but also the actual crime while it was committed. This leads Tony to be interested in Deeverââ¬â¢s account, hoping to be the first to broadcast the story to the public. Tony actually is already in a relationship with someone else, Joseph played by Christopher Plummer. However, just to have a story, she manages to flirt a little with Deever. Joseph, on the other hand, is also very interested about what Deever knows which is why he is not quite concerned about the relationship between Tony and Daryll. The attempt by Deever to maintain Tonyââ¬â¢s interest in him later turned into the source of conflict in the film. The murderers begins to consider the possibility that Daryll may have indeed witness the commission of the crime and that Tony already knows about it. For fear of being caught by the police, who are already doing investigations on the matter, they run after both Tony and Daryll with the aim of silencing them before their identities are divulged to the public. The police for their part have also begun believing that Daryll may have indeed witnessed the crime and that he could identify the perpetrators. However, the issue that is at stake here really is regarding the credibility of the eyewitness. Deever is obviously motivated by his desire to become personally close to Tony. On the other hand, Tony, who can amplify Deeverââ¬â¢s claim because she is a journalist, is only interested in getting a scoop. The police, whose objective is to see that the crime is solved as soon as possible, also have the tendency to believe in whatever story Deever may come up with because of convenience. Here lies the central issue of eyewitness identification. Without determining the possible motivation of the witness, a case could be brought to court with suspects pointed out through the most biased and unscientific means. Through the jury system employed by the American judiciary, the honesty of the witness has a very profound impact on the Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-52986158766157927272020-01-27T12:37:00.001-08:002020-01-27T12:37:06.092-08:00Theories of Female VictimisationTheories of Female Victimisation In todays society crime is a constant. People that are well know, to people that no one has ever heard of fall victim to criminal activity on a daily basis. There has to be a reason why these things happen so often. Victim precipitation theory holds that the victim is the contributing fact of their victimization. Women, especially, can make themselves available to criminals and can effortlessly become easy targets. In a sense, every victim contributes to their own victimization in one way or another. Crime is very apparent in our everyday lives. It seems as though the average American cannot go a day without hearing about another atrocious crime that has happened in their community. According to the US Department of Justice, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, violent crimes accounted for 1,254,358 of the crimes committed in 2009. There are many different types of offenses that can be classified as a crime. The FBI, in its annual Crime in the United States report, publishes data for serious crimes in the Crime Index. The Index includes murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. All of these crimes happen frequently to Americans, some reports show that some even happen on a minute to minute basis. Victims of crimes are those that are affected by the outcome of a crime that has been committed; these can include the primary victim, the secondary victims, and related victims. A whole community can be affected by just one crime. It is very common to know someone who has been the victim of a crime, especially in todays society. Many people may have empathy for these people and often speculate how something like this could have happened to a person, as many victims wonder the same thing. A primary victim is someone within the range of foreseeable physical injury, typically a participant in the accident; damages are recoverable for psychiatric injury as for physical injury, even if no physical injury has occurred. Secondary victims are those outside the range of foreseeable physical injury, such as witnesses or relatives of the accident victims. A related victim is a person who is a close family member, or a dependant, of a primary victim who has died as a direct result of an act of violence being committed against them. (www.justice.qld.gov) As you can see, when an offender commits a crime against one person, the primary victim, it can lead to domino effect. There can many victims for one crime. There are many theories on why crimes happen and why people fall victim to them. Some think that being victimized is just a matter of opportunity, that particular person that became a victim to a crime was just in the wrong place at the wrong time. Shouldnt people this day in age be smart enough to where the wrong place is and what the wrong time is? Some people theorize just that. People should know the difference in right and wrong, and they should use their brains as to decide the difference. One theory that upholds these opinions is the victim precipitation theory. As in, the victim participated, in some way, to their own victimization. Victim precipitation theory views victimology from the standpoint that the victim themselves may actually initiate, either passively or actively, the criminal act that ultimately leads to death or injury. (www.associatedcontent.com) If a victim passively initiates in their own victimization, they unknowingly do so. On the other hand, if a victim h as an active role in their victimization, they might have consciously made the decision to do; by either provoking or instigating the crime that occurred. Either way, the victim precipitation theory blames the victim for their role in their victimization. Job promotions, job status, successes, love interests, and the like are examples of these unconscious behaviors and characteristics of passive precipitation. Additionally, political activists, minority groups, those of different sexual orientations, and other individuals pursuing alternate lifestyles may also find themselves as targets of violence due to the inadvertent threat they pose to certain individuals of power. Active victimization occurs under this theory through the threatening or provocative actions of the victim. One of the most controversial points of this theory is the idea that women who are raped actively contributed in some way, either through provocative dress, a relationship, or suggested consent of intimacy. Because of this viewpoint it is hard to convict an accused rapist who has had some form of relationship with the accused, or one that was behaving provocatively or suggestively. (www.associatedcontent.com) Generally speaking, there are two victims of crime; men and women. Some people still view women as the inferior sex, even in the 21st century. Even though men and women are both susceptible to crime, women are 8 to 10 times more likely to fall victim to rape and spousal abuse. A select few still perceive women as weak and not having the ability to think for themselves. Let every Man (in particular) be asked his thoughts of women and he will tell you without doubt, that they were not made but for man; they are fit for nothing, but to nurse; and breed little children in their low age; and to mind the house. (www.users.muohio.edu) Men, on the other hand, are considered to be the protectors of their home and are the ones that have the education to speak openly. Many times this can be a reason to why some men commit crimes against women; a male offender may say that a woman was out of place by speaking her mind, or doing other things that may seem normal to other people in todays society, so he felt that he had to do something about it. Even though these views seem dated, there are still many men, and women, that think this way. Because of the way that women are viewed it can make them an easy target for some offenders. Many rapists still believe that women should submit to a man, when he wants her to, and fear him for the things that he may do to her is she does give in easily. Men rapist usually have the need to punish, humiliate, dominate, overpower, and control their victim. Most of the time a rapist does not see their action as them doing anything wrong, and they do not even consider the feelings of their victim. Women are also more susceptible to scams than men are. People often use emotions to their advantage when they are trying to con someone, be it for money or a place to live. Women are known to be emotional beings because they are made to produce children and be motherly. People all over America, and neighboring countries, use email scams, mail fraud, or even just random telephone cons in order to receive money and other goods and services. An email scam can be randomized and sent out in to multiple inboxes at one time. People from other countries can collect email addresses from sites in which people sign up for updates about their favorite cookbooks or even pornographic websites. Either way, these scams can create dangerous situations. There is a scam known as the Grandparent Scam. This scam entails someone choosing a number out of the phonebook and if an elderly woman answers the person on the other end simply says, Grandma, is that you?, when the woman answers yes, the scam begins. The person basically tells their grandmother that they have gotten into some kind of trouble and are in need of money and asks her to Western Union the money to them. Without a question the grandmother sends the person the requested funds and doesnt even realized that they have been conned. Who wouldnt help their grandchild that was in need? Feelings are often used against women in this all of the time. Without delay a most women would he lp a person in need because it seemed like the right thing to do, and before their very eyes, that have fallen victim to another scam. Rape that occurs on dates or between people who know each other should not be seen as some sort of misguided sexual adventure: Rape is violence, not seduction. In stranger rape and acquaintance rape, the aggressor makes a decision to force his victim to submit to what he wants. The rapist believes he is entitled to force sexual intercourse from a woman and he sees interpersonal violence (be it simply holding the woman down with his body or brandishing a gun) as an acceptable way to achieve his goal. (Warshaw, 1988, pg.20) In 2005, 1,181 women were murdered by an intimate partner. Thats an average of three women every day. Of all the women murdered in the U.S., about one-third were killed by an intimate partner. (www.ojp.usdoj.gov) One- third of women killed in 2005 actually knew their attackers, which is an alarming rate. Victim precipitation theory holds that some women are subjected to this violence because they have brought it upon themselves. A mixture of body image, the way a wo men dresses, where a women hangs out, and the company that she keeps can attribute to her own victimization. Dissatisfaction with ones physical appearance can lead to a negative body image. (Lankford, 2010, pg.13) A womans negative perception of herself can lead to her to making poor life decisions. How a woman perceives herself can affect her everyday life, such as, her career, family life, and finances. Women that do not think highly of themselves tend to think that they do not deserve to be truly happy. Having a low self-esteem can cause a person to become depressed. Depression can lead to a number of self mutilating problems, such as, drug use, alcoholism, and eating disorders. (Wolff, 1999, pg.18) If a woman thinks that she may never be able to find a husband, boyfriend, or partner she may become licentious. Some of these women may think that if a man takes them out or was nice to them, that they are obliged to say yes to sex afterwards. Women with this condition may become an easy target, and they may even submit to an attacker. The way a woman dresses can contribute to the type of lifestyle that they live. We, as a society, know how many different people in different professions dress. A police man wear a blue uniform, a person in the military wears BDUs, and a prostitute wears a short dress and a low cut shirt. The way women dress is routinely cited as an encouragement to rape; the argument is that if a woman is dressed a certain way, then they were asking, or even inviting, a potential rapist to attack them. References to sheer and clinging fabrics, low-slung jeans and low-cut tops, bare midriffs, short skirts and liberally applied make-up are common in the context of rape trials. (www.thisisnotaninvitationtorapeme.co.uk) A common assumption is that if a woman wears revealing clothing they are considered to be either a whore or a prostitute. Prostitution is illegal in all states, but one, in the United States. About 80% of women in prostitution have been the victim of a rape. Prostitutes are raped, on the average, eight to ten times per year. They are the most raped class of women in the history of our planet. ( Hunter and Reed, 1990) Where a person lives can say a lot about them. If a person lives in project housing then we know that they are financially stable, if a person lives in a big house in a great neighborhood then we know that they have the resources to do so. Statistically speaking, the crime rate is higher in lower income neighborhoods than it would be in higher income neighborhoods. In theory, individuals are targeted based on their lifestyle choices which expose them to criminal offenders and situations in which crimes may be committed. If a woman lives in a lower income neighborhood or in known to venture in these types of places, they are subjecting themselves to become a victim of crime. The correlation between victims and the perpetrators of crimes is that they both exhibit impulsive and antisocial-like behaviors. These behaviors may contribute to their victimization since they cause the individual to put themselves at risk more so then more conservative lifestyle counterparts. (www.associatedcon tent.com) In a nutshell, if a neighborhood is deviant, the only way to lower a persons risk of victimization is for them to leave the neighborhood for a less deviant, low crime rate area. Drug use is more common in lower income neighborhoods. People who use drugs put themselves in dangerous situations every day. People who commit crimes, as drug use and distribution is a crime, are more prone to become victims because they are involved in precarious conditions. Those who choose high-risk lifestyles which include taking drugs, drinking, and participating in criminal activities run a much higher risk of becoming victims. (www.associatedcontent.com) If a woman is a drug runner, or is just purchasing drugs for personal use, she may be involved in situations where other women are being prostituted out. If a woman gets desperate enough, then she may start doing the same thing in order to get money to purchase more drugs. Women are much more frequently involved in prostitution to fund drugs habits than men. What exacerbates the danger to these women is the powerlessness they experience due to their intense need for drugs and severe poverty. Because many men seek out dangerou s sexual services from drug- addicted prostitutes, they are at a great risk. (Egendorf, 2003, pg.98) The factors previously mentioned are palpable. Most of the time the average person can identify a prostitute or a continuous drug user, but what about women that contribute to their own victimization in less obvious ways? Women who stay in violent relationships, their sexual orientation, walking down a street at night by themselves, or just being simply too nice are way a woman can contribute to being victimized and they do not even know that they are doing so. Woman need to prepare themselves for being victimized if they are making themselves an easy target. Women who stay in violent relationships, be it with a man or a women, contribute to their own victimization every day that they are with their abusive partner. Relationship abuse can include, but is not limited to, physical, mental, verbal, and emotional abuse. Some women may not even recognize that they are being abused at the time it is occurring. A woman may assume that they cannot do any better than the person they are with, and that it why they continue to be in a relationship with them, this can stem back to having self-esteem and being depressed about ones self. It is sad to know that most women cannot get out abuse relationships until it is too late for them to do so. There is a rising number of women being abused to a point to where they end up being murdered, and most of the time it is by an intimate partner. Physical abuse is defined as any behavior that inflicts harm on a person. (White, 2001, pg.14) Physical abuse can include; hitting, shoving, biting, throwing objects at a person to inflict harm, and even sexual abuse. Every year, domestic violence results in almost 100,000 days of hospitalizations, almost 30,000 emergency department visits, and almost 40,000 visits to a physician. (American Medical Association, 1991) Sexual abuse can fall under many different categories at one time, such as physical and mental abuse. An abuser can make a woman feel that it is their duty to have sex with their husband or boyfriend by saying If you loved me you wouldà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦, if the abuser makes a woman think that he will not love her if she does not provide him with sexual favors, then he is sexually and mentally abusing her. Mental and emotional abuse go hand in hand. Mental abuse is sometimes referred to as psychological or emotional abuse. Mental abuse is the intentional infliction of anguish, degradation, fear, or distress. Mental and emotional abuse can be used to brainwash someone into thinking that they are wrong if they leave an abuser. A mental abuser can be very distant from their partner at times, but if the woman decides to leave them, then they become very distraught with loving emotions. A woman may feel as if they are walking on egg shells around their partner, because they do not want them to become upset and argue with them. Fear is not part of a loving relationship, but it is a vital part of a mentally abusive relationship. It enables the abuser to maintain control over a woman. (http://ezinearticles.com) A woman who stays in a violent relationship can actually set themselves up for more victimization if their children are witnessing the abuse. Children who grow seeing a man abuse their mother will grow up and think that this type of treatment is acceptable. If the mother does eventually remove herself and her children from an abusive relationship, the abuse could continue to live through her children. Children who grow up in violent homes are: at higher risk for substance abuse and juvenile delinquency, bear emotional scars, as well as feelings of insecurity, guilt, and isolation, often experience difficulties in school such as inattentiveness, learning disabilities, and stress-related physical problems, fail to develop the experience they need to enter into healthy relationships as adults, and often grow up with low self-esteem and become easy victims of verbal and physical abuse. (www.heartlyhouse.org) Although we are now in the 21st century, it is still common to find people who do not agree with sexual orientations other than heterosexual relationships. People that participate in same sex relationships are at a higher risk for having hate crimes and hostility committed against them. There are people in America that suffer from homophobia and heterosexism. Homophobia is the unreasonable fear or disdain from of homosexuals and/or homosexuality. At its most extreme, homophobia is expressed through physical violence, including rape and murder. Heterosexism is the assumption that heterosexuality is the only form of sexual identity and family life. Although less stigmatizing than overt homophobia, the assumption of heterosexuality can alienate lesbians in mainstream institutions, including health care settings. (Liebschutz, 2003, pg.238) Yet another way that a woman can increase her chances of becoming a victim is not reporting a crime or violent act. Some women seem to be embarrassed that they were victimized in the first place, so they fail to report a crime that has occurred. When a woman does not report a crime that has been committed against her she increases her chances of being victimized again, she also leaves the door opened for another woman to be victimized. Since there was no reason to detain the criminal that committed the act, that person is still roaming free to commit another a horrendous crime and the next time it may be the initial victims neighbor, friend, or even her own daughter. A woman that is naÃÆ'à ¯ve to situations in todays society can also put herself at a higher risk of becoming victimized. It is obvious that more and more people in this day in age are becoming victims of crime. If a woman were to walk down a low lit at night, by herself, in an ominous neighborhood; there is no telling what gang or rapist might see her, or what they might do to her. Woman who make it common knowledge that they live by themselves are also at a higher risk. Situations like this happen all of the time, which is one of the reasons why crime rate is so high in certain parts of the United States. Woman are victimized, in this case, by just being in the wrong place at the wrong time. If a woman were to tell a stranger that she lives by herself, then that stranger could easily follow her home and victimize her. It is that simple. Women have to take certain defensive precautions in order to not become a victim. There are cases where a person can be too nice. In todays society people tend to lose sight of morals to use to be upheld. There are more scams and cons than ever. A woman could just think that they are beginning nice to a stranger and not even know that person is really a rapist or murderer. There is a difference in being nice and being too nice. People tend to take advantage of people that do not have the ability to say no. If a woman works all day long and picks up her co-workers slack, and then comes home and complains that she is wore out, whose fault is it really? Being too nice, or vulnerable, can sometimes stab a woman in their back. Although it is nice to see a friendly face, a woman should never invite a stranger to come to her home where she lives by herself. This is one of the reasons that more and more people are becoming reluctant to help someone, because a person can never know what a stranger, or even someone they know, is capable of behind closed doors. The biggest way a woman can contribute to their own victimization is to think that it will not happen to them. Women who feel that they will never be attacked are the ones that get raped, kidnapped, murdered, or burglarized. The mistake that they make is not being prepared. Violent crimes happen to normal people every day. Why should it not happen to the girl next door, or the woman from two towns over? To offenders, they are all the same. Offenders do not care if the woman they are attacking is a mother, sister, or wife. This might even make them feel as if that particular woman is more important and they have a more valuable thing to take away from someone. Women need to be educated to become more sufficient in protecting themselves. A way that a woman can prevent serious victimization is to always be prepared. In todays society a person can never know what is lurking around the next corner waiting to pounce on their next victim that will fall prey. When a woman is too arrogant abo ut criminal activity, they make themselves an easy target. Some other ways that a woman could protect herself from becoming a victim is having the knowledge to know the different types of offenders. Some offenders victimize people out or pure self satisfaction, others offend in order to provide for their families. Multiple offenders have the knowledge to know how to get the act committed, since they have not been caught thus far, they think that they know what they are doing and how to get away with it. On the other hand, first time offenders could be easier to negotiate with and may easily feel sorry for their victims. When a man approaches a woman in a dimly lit parking lot and asks for her keys and her wallet, the best thing that woman can do cooperate with that person. If a woman was being robbed at gun point and did cooperate with the person committing the offense, then that person could easily shot the woman and take what they want. The most important thing is that a woman educates herself with the knowledge of know when to fight and when to do as the offender asks. Staying calm can produce better results for these types of situations. No material possession is worse losing their life for. Along with emotional, woman tend to materialistic. If approached by a stranger that asked for her jewelry, a woman might hesitate. Even the ring that her great-great-grandmother gave her would not be an acceptable reason to lose her life. The mental capacity of an offender can have an effect on how they will respond to ways their victim reacts to their actions. If a person holds the mental capacity of a 3rd grader they are liable to respond in different ways than an offender with a high I.Q. would. The problem with offenders with low mental capacities is that they could easily commit an offense because they do not know any better. Knowing the different situations that woman could find herself in, could be the difference in her surviving victimization. Knowledge is power to women that have no choice but to live in lower income neighborhoods that are surrounded by frequent drug use and violent crimes. The victim precipitation theory upholds that it is the victims fault that they became victimized in the first place. From a woman wearing a low cut shirt to a woman walking down a street late at night by herself, there is a reason that woman was victimized from the start. A woman can knowingly or passively contribute to her own victimization. Bad life decisions, staying in a violent relationship, and even a womans sexual orientation can contribute to her victimization. Criminals seek out women who make easy targets. Prostitutes and drug users are more prone to get raped and used for sexual favors. Women who make themselves available to crime are more likely to be victims of crime. Women should use common knowledge in order to stay safe and protect themselves. Overall, crime is a rising scenario in todays society. Crime can happen to an everyday average person in the blink of an eye. There are ways to prevent becoming victimized. Sources: Susan Kay Hunter and K.C. Reed, July, 1990 Taking the side of bought and sold rape, speech at National Coalition against Sexual Assault, Washington, D.C. Psychiatric injury primary victims, secondary victims, Page v Smith, Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police http://law.jrank.org/pages/16981/psychiatric-injury.html#ixzz16jdchKYW [online] American Medical Association. 5 issues American Health. Chicago 1991 White, Katherine (2001) Relationship Violence, The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. Egendorf, Laura K. (2003) Chemical Dependency, Thomson- Gale www.associatedcontent.com The Four Theories of Victimization [online] Lankford, Ronald D, Jr. (2010) Body Image, Gale, Cengage Learning Warshaw, Robin (1988) I Never Called It Rape, Harper and Row www.thisisnotaninvitationtorapeme.co.uk This Is Not An Invitation To Rape Me [online] Wolff, Lisa (1999) Teen Depression, Lucent Books, Inc. Liebschutz, Jane M. (2003) Violence Against Women, American College of Physicians www.heartlyhouse.org Children From An Abusive Home [online] Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-77221940730517987432020-01-19T09:01:00.001-08:002020-01-19T09:01:03.099-08:00Standards Based Education: The Base for Improving SchoolsSince nearly twenty years, education in the United States has been strongly impacted by ââ¬Å"standards movementâ⬠. Linked proximally to evaluation and answerability, standard-based reforms, not like most other educational systems like open education, behavioral goals, and least ability, has gained ground in an extremely severe and all-encompassing manner. Right from parents to policy-makers, there is an ardent countrywide support to use standards as the base for improving schools. (The Virginia Standards of Learning) As per Collins Cobuild dictionary, ââ¬Å"a standard is a stage of quality or achievement, particularly a stage which is considered to be good enough. It is something used to calculate or approximate the quality or degree of something, for instance, the degree of superiority of a piece of work. â⬠In the sphere of education, a standard is a word that describes a growing body of knowledge and set of expertise which is the foundation for quality education. They put across what every student must know and be capable to perform, however do not state pedagogy. Why have a standards-based curriculum and what are the implications for the teaching-learning-assessment process? ) The quintessence of a ââ¬Å"standardâ⬠is to depict a level of knowledge or performance that is necessary for some reason. For instance, there is a standard fixed by the telephone companies relating to the manner operators communicate with the customers, by the State Government to deliver driving licenses, a intensity of accuracy is necessary for building autos, and a set of unambiguous strategy for assessing gymnastics, diving, and ice skating. In an identical manner, teachers employ objectives of the students to find out what will be imparted, and as a criterion for making grades for studentâ⬠s work. Each of these ââ¬Å"standardsâ⬠has two parts: an account of what will be recognized or performed, and a suggestion of quality of its performance. In education, these two magnitudes have been pointed as content standard and performance standards, and they point out to fairly diverse concepts, each having a separate set of connotation. (The Virginia Standards of Learning) Discuss the positive effects and attributes of standard-based education. In standard-based education, the syllabus and units of study are distinctly delineated, comprehended by the teachers and students and conveyed to every employee, families and the community. Standard-based education system will promote fair play, foster learning of students and strengthen answerability. (Standards-Based Education: www. thompson. k12. co. us) Establishing standards is a vital and efficient learning instrument as they state distinct prospect of what every student must have an understanding and capable of doing with the language. They can be supportive to various populations like the state, districts and school, teachers, student and parents. Establishing a national standard lets to setting aside for identical chance for every student. To start with every student is evaluated against the same standards. In the absence of a universal standard and every teacher establishing his or her independent standard, the expectation of the school on their student will be diverse. As there will be no element for comparison, instruction as well as assessment cannot be unswerving. Secondly, in the event of establishing a national standard, it is obvious what the students will be learning at various stages of their education. Examination provided by the state can assess the development of the student towards achievement of the standard. The students who are failing in achieving the standards can be given preliminary, efficient help. (Why have a standards-based curriculum and what are the implications for the teaching-learning-assessment process? ) Discuss the benefits for both educator and student. Standards set students to fix particular objectives with understanding of the particular prospect and norms for success. This lets to set objectives that are attainable. The evenness of a standard based procedure currently opens opportunities to individuals. Customized learning methods, learning at oneâ⬠s independent speed, identification of the specific learning that requires to happen, aids in describing the manner in which and what students are required to be aware and be capable to perform to attain the age suitable standard, as observed by several remarks. (Standard-based Education: schools. coventryschools. net) The transition to standards-based evaluation aids in building a culture of success in which every student can attain a satisfactory standard. In case of students, standard established apparent performance prospects, aiding them to comprehend what they are required to do so as to fulfill the standards. These works lets the students to exhibit their knowledge, including the norm for evaluation. This gives students and parents with valuable data regarding the performance towards fulfilling the standards. Besides, while dealing with standards based syllabus, schools will be competent to report the growth of the student towards attaining the standards by stating the yardsticks they have attained. Why have a standards-based curriculum and what are the implications for the teaching-learning-assessment process? ) Standards are very impartially described. This lets teachers to employ their ingenuity and expertise to find out which strategies function optimally with both individual as well as a group of students. (Standard-based Education: schools. coventryschools. net) Standards assist teachers devise syllabus, guidelines and evaluation on the basis of what is vital to have knowledge about. Standards gives the information required to train educators in shaping the development of students in achieving the standards, as stated in the syllabus. Teachers, the educational institution and the state are responsible for the education of the student based on the achievement of these standards. As the standards give a transparent and structured perspective for evaluation, it is thus likely to find out the degree to which the standards have been achieved. (Why have a standards-based curriculum and what are the implications for the teaching-learning-assessment process? ) How does standard-based education improve education? Standard-based education has come to be widespread political reform group as it mingles a lot of factors that concentrates on what is normally construed to be a ââ¬Å"failing public schoolâ⬠. This has resulted to provide an importance on ââ¬Å"highâ⬠standards that means improved or more challenging or ââ¬Å"world classâ⬠standards. During 1999, the National Education Summit evaluated the standards association since 1996, deciding that the danger of deteriorating quality of education be first of all found out in A Nation at Risk in 1983 stays in 1999. The report states, the American citizenâ⬠s exhibit that it evidently comprehends that our persistent economic strength, social permanence, quality of life is dependent on our capability to radically progress our schools. The report further declares that the promises to increased standards have unambiguously come to be a central factor in a countrywide movement to enhance school performance. Of late, the research undertaken by an institute ââ¬ËPublic Agendaâ⬠point out to a popular displeasure among college teachers and employers of studentsâ⬠fundamental skills. A second feature of standard-based improvements stresses superior performance of every student. This is a matter of fairness. Supporters of standards-based education consider that poor performing students did not have access to equal education as persistent abysmal expectations from these students have been responsible for their low performance. Therefore, it is reasoned that standard-based improvement will enhance education in case of financially deprived and minority group students by increasing the prospects. (The Virginia Standards of Learning) The rising difference in the earning levels in US will be lessened as the existing gap as regards education between low and high performing students is lowered. Standards, it is debated, ââ¬Å"smoothens the playing field,â⬠and will result in less sorting based for the most part on social class and ethic category which they belong. In the event students do not display achieving the standards, then in that case solution and withholding might be suitable. A third feature is the manner in which the standards are linked to rewards and encouragement. As against much of the research that has stressed the significance of child-centered, developmentally suitable procedures to education, standards-based supporters consider that rivalry and external rewards will encourage students and enhance performance. This is founded mostly on edginess with earlier ââ¬Å"movementsâ⬠aimed by educators, and the activity in other nations, together with international studies, which imply American students trailing. Fundamentally, the contention is that American schools and students require external inducements to endeavor for higher levels of performance. At present, 20 states give financial help to schools wherein students perform in a better manner on standard-based tests. Fourth, there is an increased statewide and federal evaluation and influence over schools is required. The seeming urgency is to set up a single set of standards and one wide-ranging vision in case of all students cutting across all grade levels. The thrust for national standards during the mid-1990s has resulted to an ardent involvement across the state since the stage at which standards-based educational policy is made and executed. Due to this, a lot of meetings, publications, and reports regarding standards-based improvement have been produced by organizations which are responsive to the requirements of the policy-makers of the state. (The Virginia Standards of Learning) What is the best process for developing an effective curriculum when dealing with the standard-based education. The goal of the curriculum as per the Standards is to execute certain jobs within a specific time frame. These jobs must be accomplished in a specific order. At the time a student learns a subject in this way, he/she builds on existing knowledge. It becomes simpler in case of students to go on learning, when they have a basis of knowledge. As Maurice Johnson describes in his Schema, ââ¬Å"Structure is a fundamental feature of curriculumâ⬠(EDE 6205: Elementary School Curriculum) I think that there is an urgency on our part to perform more to assess our curriculum. In case we are adhering to the Standards as outlined, our assessment of the results has to be more proficient. The Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test ââ¬â FCAT gives scanty information on the efficacy of the Standard based curriculum. To evaluate learning appropriately, it is required that we are capable of accessing what background knowledge a student is equipped and what knowledge he has amassed after the training. Iowa State University administers a program in which they supply syllabus written in accordance with the standards the school desires. The effectiveness of that particular curriculum is assessed two times in a year. Students are tested initially in the beginning of the year as also during the end of the year. This testing is done annually. This method gives a more efficient manner of estimating the quantity of learning that is being imparted. (EDE 6205: Elementary School Curriculum) FCAT in all means cannot be a productive instrument in calculating the quantum of learning which is happening. The calculations are extended out and accidental. Prior to the establishment of the Sunshine State Standards in May 1996, the primary state curriculum guidance was the Minimum Student Performance Standards. These standards gave the source for the Statewide Student Assessment Tests. With a view to raising the academic challenge in Florida, the Sunshine State Standards were formed. They were supposed to attain over the minimum capabilities to challenging academic standards. According to Tyler, while formulating any curriculum plan of instruction one should choose what the educational objective must the school look for to achieve. Subsequently, what are the educational experiences which can be given which are expected to achieve these objectives? Thirdly, the manner in which these educational experiences be efficiently managed, and lastly how we can resolve these objectives are being achieved. The Sunshine State Standards gives an excellent catapulting point in presenting course of action for curriculum development. (EDE 6205: Elementary School Curriculum) What are and justify the positive contributions of standard based education. ââ¬Å"Need is the mother of all inventionsâ⬠. (Standard-based Education: schools. coventryschools. net) This sums up a declaration made by an observer. Standard based education is countrywide crusade because of the countrywide requirement. Of course there is present and there has been extensive apprehension over the quality of public education. Several people mentioned that they identified that it was crucial that education is standardized so that regardless of the place children received education, regardless of what socio-economic or cultural backgrounds that they possess, the scope to get knowledge which is at par and good education as everybody others. One of the member commented ââ¬Å"School A should not be deprived compared to school B. â⬠Correctly declared by one parent, the job force has undergone a transformation. This transformation effected by an international economy and international economic rivalry has compelled our nation into the embarrassing state of being second category. Education in our nation did not modify along with the economic modification. This has brought governmental concern with education to light. Students should be given the proficiency and knowledge to compete in the world in a better manner. Standard-based Education: schools. coventryschools. net) How does the no child left behind act is associated with the standard-based education plan. Widely recognized as the ââ¬ËNo Child Left Behindâ⬠, ââ¬â NCLB Act of 2001 was the collective consequences of a standards-and-testing transition that was initiated with the publication of the report A Nation at Risk by the Reagan government in 1983. The movement attained due impetus with the 1989 education summit in Charlottesville, Virginia, at which the President George H. W. Bush and the governors of the nation fixed extensive performance objective for the American Schools. The ââ¬ËAmerica 2000â⬠³ proposal of President Bush by the end of 1991 incorporated the voluntary national testing associated with the ââ¬Ëworld classâ⬠standards. This provision gives rise to termination of the Bill by the opposition exerted by Republican radicals. President Clinton accorded assent to the ââ¬ËGoals 2000â⬠³ in 1994 that provided grants to assist states in devising academic parameters. Widespread change was visualized with the 1994 reauthorization of the Elementary and secondary education Act that indicated a nationwide commitment to the standard-based reform. The re-sanction necessitated states to generate content and performance parameters in respect of the K-12 schools. (The Politics of No Child Left Behind) Congress also implemented the notion of ââ¬Ëadequate yearly progressâ⬠which afterwards become the key player of liability in No Child Left Behind. However, the 1994 re-sanction started the process of devising standards and tests in most of the states. (The Politics of No Child Left Behind) The federal government anticipates more liability from state education systems and the assurance that no child will be left behind. States are to enhance the student testing, collect and disseminate subgroup consequences assuring a highly skilled teacher in every classroom and assuring that all students irrespective of their socio-economic conditions attain a proficient level of education by the 2014-2015 academic years. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001) NCLB thus reinforces the federal pressure on all states to pursue a standards-based reform agenda. This incorporates a high academic standard for all students; extra supplementation to assist the students and schools to cater to such standards; enhanced suppleness for local schools in order for them to do so; and greater liability for the consequences especially calculated by the activities of the students on standardized assessments. Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-80206462823710120642020-01-11T05:25:00.001-08:002020-01-11T05:25:02.208-08:00Living with My Parents vs. Living IndependentlyLiving With My Parents vs. Living Independently I always thought that moving out of my parentsââ¬â¢ house would be an exciting new start to life. Apparently nobody thought to explain to me how stressful and cost-consuming life really is outside the comfort of mommy and daddyââ¬â¢s embrace. Living with my parents and living independently differ exponentially, but living with my parents isnââ¬â¢t nearly as dreadful as I thought it to be as a teenager. The first upsetting difference between living alone rather than with my parents is the food.When I lived with my parents, it was easy to eat a healthy, home cooked meal and not have to worry about preparing it. It usually just appeared on the table as an alluring plate of deliciousness without having to lift a finger. On the other hand, trying to make a meal is much more complicated when living alone. The freezer is normally stocked full of microwavable foods that taste like plastic and the refrigerator maybe has some five-day-ol d milk.Gaining weight is easier than ever when the only cuisine available is fatty and nutritionally deficient. The second depressing part of living alone is the money, or more precisely, the lack thereof. When residing at my mom and dadââ¬â¢s house, wasting money on luxuries was the most exciting part. Not to mention my parentsââ¬â¢ seemingly endless amount of money to help pay for anything and everything was always a plus. Saving money was even possible at the time. But now, living independently definitely has its drawbacks.How many bills can possibly come in one month? With barely enough money to pay the bills, how is a girl supposed to shop for anything other than frozen goodies and Ramen? And forget about trying to save any cash, rummaging through my coin jar has become my favorite new hobby. Furthermore, who knew that cleaning didnââ¬â¢t just magically happen? Coming home from work and school to a clean house was definitely a convenience, though it went unnoticed at t he time. I was previously unaware that so many things in the house could get dirty.The cleaning never stops! Piles of laundry lay scattered across the floor of the house because apparently not every house comes equipped with a washer and dryer! Living with my parents might have been intolerable at times, but it made life so much easier. Not having to worry about food, money, and cleaning probably doesnââ¬â¢t seem like a big deal to most people, but itââ¬â¢s definitely a luxury. I appreciate how easy and carefree life was while living with my parents because I now realize how arduous life can really be. Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-7156868992349745912020-01-03T01:49:00.001-08:002020-01-03T01:49:02.732-08:00Happy Essay - 1201 Words Happy Middle East History Jerusalem The conflict in Jerusalem is rooted in religious, political, and historical aspects. As a center for the worlds three major religions, with a history of political divisions and borders, as well as historical claims to the territory, it calls for a peaceful coexistence and sensitive diplomacy which will enable an accepted agreement. Jerusalem is a prize which, for thousands of years, has been fought over. Israeliââ¬â¢s and Palestinians live side-by-side in the Old City, each claiming that Jerusalem belongs to them. There is no judgment that can be given, there is no right or wrong answer to the problem. For this issue to be solved, both sides must give concessions to each other, and truly feel theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦And less than a mile away is the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, the site of Christââ¬â¢s burial and resurrection. The struggle for ownership of the city intensified many years later at the end of the war, when Britain had total control of Palestine. The Balfour Declaration issued in 1917, included in the British mandate of Palestine, called for the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. However, the Arabs believed that Palestine would be created an independent state by helping the British in the campaign against the Ottoman empire. Unfortunately, the British did not include this in their plans. They did set up a separate Arab state in 1921, which is now Jordan. However, the remainder of the Palestinian territory wished for independence. After World War II, Holocaust survivors flooded into Palestine and Jerusalem, and a partition by the United Nations was established.In November 1947, the British mandate ended, and Palestine was partitioned into Jewish and Arab states with Jerusalem as an international city. The Arabs did not agree to this plan, as they were intent on preventing any Jewish con trol in the area. However, Israel defended itself, and by 1949, it had joined the United Nations, and been recognized by more than 50 governments around the world. In a series of ââ¬Å"battlesâ⬠in 1949 with Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon, Israel established borders like those of Palestine during the British mandate. In 1967, the Six-Day War, Israel launchedShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Happy Family, Happy Me1693 Words à |à 7 Pagesgrowing fast food chains in the world. According to their website, they operate over 36,000 restaurants in more than 100 countries (McDonalds para 1). The company released an ad in Malaysia titled ââ¬Å"Happy Family, Happy Me.â⬠The ad depicts a joyous family eating in a McDonalds restaurant. A happy meal box and a Big Mac box are staged on the table as a young girl gleefully feeds her father a French fry and her mother looks on with a smile. A subscript of the ad even reads, ââ¬Å"Keeping everyone inRead MoreHappy Feet And Kung Fu Panda1179 Words à |à 5 Pagesthe outside, but same in the inside Happy Feet and Kung Fu Panda are two good movies that have different themes. The two movies have different plots at first glance, but later on show resemblances when analyzed more closely. The two protagonist in Happy Feet (Mumble) and Kung Fu Panda (Po) both start off unfitting and strange, later on being rejected by their peers and community. They want to become accepted by others, but struggle to redeem themselves. Happy Feet and Kung Fu Panda are differentRead MoreHappy Valley Case Essay1862 Words à |à 8 PagesSummary Camp Happy Valley is a summer day camp which is located in London, Ontario. It formed in 1965, and as a not-for-profit organization. Camp Happy Valley engages in create a positive and safe atmosphere for children to increase their experience. Sue Johnson is the director of this camp and work for hiring the super staff team. Adam Cameron is the programmer for Happy Valley. The process of hiring and training staff was low efficiency, and the campââ¬â¢s morale was depressed. Camp Happy Valley needsRead MoreHappy Numbers are Part of Recreational Math Essay654 Words à |à 3 Pages Happy numbers are a part of recreational maths. I will also talk about happy cube numbers, they are the same as happy numbers, but instead of squaring the digits of the original number, the digits are cubed. Furthermore, I will also explore happy prime numbers, these are prime numbers which are also happy. Additionally, I will mention unhappy numbers, these are numbers that do not end in 1 instead they loop in a cycle around number 4. Lastly, I will explore the history and real life uses of happyRead MoreContrasting Cultures in Tans Mother Tongue and Nguyens The Happy Days Syndrome1163 Words à |à 5 Pageschildren of immigrants, this difficulty is only intensified through language. Both Amy Tan and Khang Nguyen strategically use narrative anecdotes and employ several rhetorical devices to illustrate this struggle in their works, ââ¬Å"Mother Tongueâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The Happy Days,â⬠respectfully. Amy Tan chooses her childhood home as the primary setting of her work. This allows her to focus primarily on her conversations and interactions with her mother. However, she also gives several anecdotes in which her motherââ¬â¢s backgroundRead MoreThe Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber1145 Words à |à 5 Pages In 1922 the rise of Benito Mussolini dictated another path for the nation of Italy. The Cat in the Rain, Indian Camp and especially The Short Happy Life Francis Macomber represent this shift in the political climate of Italy. In his short stories Hemingway portrays knowledge as the dispersion of absolute power. The holders of power withhold knowledge to assert their power, attempt to nullify knowledge once it has been gained, and Force their way long after the strategy was applicable. In manyRead MoreThe Happy Prince and Other Tales Book Summary3450 Words à |à 14 Pages[pic] Publication data *Title of the book: The happy prince and other tales *Author: Oscar Wilde *Publisher: Noorsons publishers *Date of first publication: 1888(A.D) *Current publication: Not known *Number of stories: Five (5) *Number ofRead MoreThe Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber1240 Words à |à 5 PagesChristina Eatmon English 224 Cheryl Temple July 10, 2017 The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber: A Hemingway Hero In his novel ââ¬Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomberâ⬠, Ernest Hemingway portrays the conflict of how Americans consider normal aspects of admirable and heroic behavior. Francis Macomber, a wealthy American citizen goes on a visit the safari for an adventurous hunt. Francis wants to learn how to hunt and prove to himself that he can be a heroic male. Margot Macomber, his wife, accompaniesRead MoreThe Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber1744 Words à |à 7 PagesIn Ernest Hemingwayââ¬â¢s short story ââ¬Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,â⬠Hemingway uses the authorââ¬â¢s craft of perspective, along with dialogue and internal dialogue to create a multi-part claim that develops an overall negative characterization of the three main characters. Hemingway develops the characterization of Wilson, Margaret, and Francis by using multiple perspectives as he threads a negative tone throughout the story. All throughout the story, readers are given the chance to look insideRead MoreThe Theme Of Masculinity In The Short Happy Life Of Ernest Hemingway1689 Words à |à 7 Pagescharacter to showing his self-confidence, death from alcohol which is showing the self-injury, fatalistic heroism like the character, Schatz from the book, A Dayââ¬â¢s Wait and nature from mountain and safari (Africa) in The Snows of Kilimanjaro and The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber or other books. Hemingway puts the meaningful themes and symbols through his experience and thoughts. There are major important themes in Hemingwayââ¬â¢s books. First, men and masculinity is a main theme that comes from Hemingwayââ¬â¢s Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-10220980735678079972019-12-25T22:13:00.001-08:002019-12-25T22:13:04.296-08:00Customer Relationship Management Report - 5227 Words Lecturer: Dondjio. I Group 3 14122723 Ji-Hye Choi 14124262 Jinkeyung Baek 14125064 Xiaomin Chen 14128858 Maxime Gouge Contents 1. Introduction 2 1.1 Executive Summary 2 1.2 The Definition of CRM 2 1.3 The Necessity of CRM 3 2. Critical analysis of CRM 4 2.1 What causes the failure of CRM? 4 2.2 Future of CRM 6 3. Brief Summary and Analyze Cases 8 3.1 Case Summaries 8 3.2 Cases Analysis 9 4. Answer and Analyze Case Questions 11 4.1 Identify strategies for the CRM project implementation. 11 4.2 Identify reasons contributing to the failure of the CRM implementation at Mashkin. 11 4.3 Discuss the current state of CRM practice in emerging markets using the example of Russia. 12 4.4 What additional challenges mightâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Also, in terms of efficiency, customer loyalty is very important in these days. First, getting new customers is very hard and ineffective. It costs 5 to 10 times more to attract new customers than retaining the existing ones. In addition, even if companies succeed to get new customers, they cannot be sure that new customers will continue using their products or services. However, if a company has many loyal customers, they don t need to be worry about that. Not only is it less expensive to retain a customer than to acquire a new one, loyal customers spend more and purchase more profitable products and services. It is already proved as Pareto s Law . The longer the customer is loyal, the more profit the company gains. Therefore, if companies care about not only long term growth and profits but efficiency, customer loyalty has to be a top priority. In light of these, considering customersââ¬â¢ needs and wants first and making business plan for that is key to success, and CRM makes that dream come true. CRM helps a company to understand their customers and know what they want. Through this, companies can get closer relationships with customers and they can differentiate themselves from other competitors by providing superior service and offering a consistent, convenient customer experience. Not only for customers, but also CRM is beneficial for companies internal control. First of all, in these days, the size of the company is getting bigger. Consequently, theShow MoreRelatedA Report on Process Modeling for Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System1088 Words à |à 4 PagesIntroduction This report based on a Process Modeling for Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System. It is a business requirement analysis stage in a software development life cycle. This report describes about the problem in given case study and it gives the decision making for that problems. 1.1 Customer relationship management Customer relationship management (CRM) is a most essential part in the modern business world. Customer relationship management may be a process or methodologyRead MoreWhy Data Mining Is The Extraction Of Knowledge From The Various Databases1329 Words à |à 6 PagesData mining consists of using software that conglomerates artificial intelligence, statistical analysis, and systems management in the act of extracting facts and understanding from data stored in data warehouses, data marts, and through metadata (Giudici, 2005). Through algorithms and learning capabilities data mining software can analyze large amounts of data and give the management team intellectual and effective information to help them form their decisions. The intention for data mining is toRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management As A Philosophy1253 Words à |à 6 Pages1.1 Background Customer Relationship Management as a Philosophy started in the 70s. Peter Drucker, a well-renowned management consultant, stated that The true business of every company is to make and keep customers. Today, the concept of CRM has grown in a global scale. Companies have evolved to focus products solely based on customerââ¬â¢s demands. Over the years, the CRM model does not limit to just being about customer centric but also to use customer profitability as a catalyst in making decisionsRead MoreThe Panther Flying Club Essay1671 Words à |à 7 Pagesthe Oracle Service Management family of products as our customer relationship management (CRM) system of choice for customer interaction and managing service-related information. This technology will aid the improvement all of our customer interaction and customerââ¬â¢s needs as well as collect information from our customers. This information will be utilized in providing information for management to direction operations to aid future marketing, sales, customer service, and customer retention requirementsRead MoreEssay Operations Improvement Plan1639 Words à |à 7 PagesToyota is one of the leading vehicle manufactures in the world and has faced some challenges throughout the years. This paper will discuss a key issue that Toyota has faced and how they can utilize communication software to improve the business relationship between supplier and Toyota. Operations Improvement Plan Introduction Toyota Overview Toyota is one of the leading manufacturers of vehicles in the United States and across the globe. 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Define a business and describe the major business functions. A business is a formal organization whose aim is to produce products or provide services for a profit. The type of business and organizationalRead MoreNordstrom Case Study1090 Words à |à 5 PagesCustomer Service at Nordstrom and Potential Conflicts Case Study Vanessa E. Rivera Saint Leo University Customer Service at Nordstrom and Potential Conflicts Case Study With 50,000 employees and 170 stores throughout the United States Nordstrom is a major player in the luxury goods department.à Founded originally as a shoe store by John W. Nordstrom and Carl Wallin, Nordstrom became the largest independent shoe chain in the United States. By 1960, Nordstrom decided to enter the clothing arenaRead MoreBandon Group, Integrated case study Essay1225 Words à |à 5 PageseBusiness know-hows, on-demand reports that generates electronic reports, the need to address for more information for tactical and strategic management, the need to standardize business process and the need for more targeted marketing (Sumner, 2005). The dilemma was to decide whether the system should be centralized or decentralized. The implementation of the CRM softwares in the divisions were decentralized and the division mangers were seeking better management information but they were encounteringRead MoreCrm for San Franciscoââ¬â¢s City Government1633 Words à |à 7 Pagesce nter. The 311 center is a centralized dispatching center that receives all the city complaints and route each call to its designated department; therefore not only did the newly revamped system benefit the abandon vehicles unit but, it enhanced the customer service of every department within the city. DTIS CRM provided the abandon vehicles unit with the technology and infrastructure that was needed to improve the service delivery. Reason why it was necessary to change the business processes Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-85506247223923745322019-12-17T18:03:00.001-08:002019-12-17T18:03:02.974-08:00William Shakespeare s Prospero Of The Tempest - 1747 Words On the very face of it, it might be hard to think how Prospero of The Tempest would be William Shakespeare, or even to imagine that this play is a set of symbols and metaphors that provides an allegory for which is to express this play. The research into the argument of Prospero reflecting Shakespeare has made a valid discourse, because it is based on the extending the premise that all of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s works are to some degree associated with his own life. This idea that using symbols to somehow have meaning outside of the play begs the inevitable questions, who is Caliban identified with then? Who is Ariel? What metaphor is the island referencing? I think this idea is placing the premise of the play into an ill-fated understanding of the play, which is to mistake this play as an autobiography, which is not the kind of writing that Shakespearean scholars will tell you, that he wrote. To accept the premise of this ridiculous argument is to accept the ridiculous premise that Shakespeare did not write his own works. There are certain links between the author of The Tempest and the protagonist of The Tempest, in terms of the works that they do. To suggest that these links are an account of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s, or any writer for that matter is doing around this period. Writers were not known to write stories about their own lives in this period, and the life of the author was not an interesting thing for them to write about. This idea of w riting about your own life gained literaryShow MoreRelatedThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1705 Words à |à 7 PagesLiterature Mr. Nath 5 December 2014 The Tempest Written between 1610 and 1611, The Tempest by William Shakespeare is the final play penned by the famous Bard. The play portrays the illusory struggle of power and conscience through the character of Prospero and his egocentric motives. Politically, the play can be seen as an analysis of important political issues relevant to that of oppression and imperialistic tendencies of the time. Artistically, The Tempest emphasizes the nature of art, more prominentlyRead MoreDefinition And Discussion On Romances961 Words à |à 4 Pages DEFINITION AND DISCUSSION ON ââ¬Å"ROMANCESâ⬠AND SUMMARY ON ââ¬Å"THE TEMPESTâ⬠ââ¬Æ' DEFINITION In present English the word ââ¬Å"romanceâ⬠are derivative from Old French romanz can mean moreover a medieval story structure or a love affair, or, yet again, another story about a love affair, usually one of a rather idealized or idyllic type, from time to time marked by unexpected or strange incidents and progresses; and ââ¬Å"to romanceâ⬠has derive to mean ââ¬Å"to create up a story that has no link with reality.â⬠(EncyclopediaRead More Aime Cesaires A Tempest Clarifies Shakespeares The Tempest1683 Words à |à 7 PagesCesaires A Tempest Clarifies Shakespeares The Tempest à à à à Negritude, originally a literary and ideological movement of French-speaking black intellectuals, reflects an important and comprehensive reaction to the colonial situation of European colonization (Carlberg).à This movement, which influenced Africans as well as blacks around the world, specifically rejects the political, social, and moral domination of the West.à à Leopold Senghor, Leon Damas, and Aime Cesaire are the three pioneersRead MoreWorld Events Influencing Shakespeareà ¨s The Tempest Essay example1277 Words à |à 6 Pagesââ¬Å"Whatââ¬â¢s past is Prologueâ⬠ââ¬â William Shakespeare Shakespeare lived and produced much of his famous works during the time when Queen Elizabeth ruled England and Ireland. This era was known as the Elizabethan Era. The world and its people were quickly evolving. It was the ââ¬Å"golden ageâ⬠of poetry, music and literature. It was in the midst of European exploration that Shakespeare wrote, The Tempest. It would be safe to suggest that many of the worldly events during this time, such as the shipwreck ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s The Tempest 2603 Words à |à 11 PagesDrama When many people think of William Shakespeare, they think of plays like Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth or Hamlet. One of the most influential plays written by Shakespeare is not one listed above. The play that reflects the life and all of Shakespeare?s plays is The Tempest. This work was and still is influential in both America, Britain and around the world. Although William Shakespeare was an influential writer in American and British literature, The Tempest reaches beyond a comparison to theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1267 Words à |à 6 PagesDuring the Enlightenment Era, William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s writing were a form of social commentary on the English Government. Endorsed by the king, Shakespeareââ¬â¢s works told tales of tragedy and whimsy, incorporating both fiction and nonfiction elements. One trademark of Shakespeare s plays were the subtle allusions to the concurrent events in the English government. This is evident in his well known and final play, The T empest. The story of The Tempest tells the tale of Prospero, a fallen duke forced to liveRead More tempcolon Confronting Colonialism and Imperialism in Aime Cesaires A Tempest1403 Words à |à 6 PagesColonialism in A Tempest à à à A Tempest by Aime Cesaire is an attempt to confront and rewrite the idea of colonialism as presented in Shakespeareââ¬â¢s The Tempest.à He is successful at this attempt by changing the point of view of the story.à Cesaire transforms the characters and transposes the scenes to reveal Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Prospero as the exploitative European power and Caliban and Ariel as the exploited natives.à Cesaireââ¬â¢s A Tempest is an effective response to Shakespeareââ¬â¢s The Tempest because heRead More Conflict and Harmony in The Tempest Essay1390 Words à |à 6 PagesConflict and Harmony in The Tempest à à à William Shakespeare describes a utopic world saturated with supernatural images and ideas which works to create the mysterious island where The Tempest takes place.à This is one of Shakespeares best examples of how a natural harmony reveals itself through the actions of discourse and confusion.à To illustrate this idea best one must examine the historical context upon which The Tempest is based.à Because this play was published in the early 1600sRead MoreEssay Comparing The Tempest and King Lear1338 Words à |à 6 PagesComparing The Tempest and King Lear à à à à This essay will focus on the similarities and differences of the plays The Tempest and King Lear in general, as well as looking at comparisons of Prospero and Lear in somewhat more detail. Prospero and Lear are, without a doubt, the two most compelling mature figures in Shakespeare. In a way, one is the flip side, so to speak, of the other. Each represents an aging mans relationship to family, environment, and, most importantly, himself. One mightRead More Prospero in William Shakespeares The Tempest Essay1246 Words à |à 5 PagesProspero in William Shakespeares The Tempest Prospero has long been read as one of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s most cherished and provocative protagonists. His timeless role in ââ¬Å"The Tempestâ⬠has provided readers and critics with insights into many attributes of Shakespeare as a man, his works, and the political views that are personified in his play. The historical context of ââ¬Å"The Tempestâ⬠is one that convincingly conveys the political views of the English people of his time, relating to the colonization Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-2126562890023359542019-12-09T14:46:00.001-08:002019-12-09T14:46:02.794-08:00Companies Turning Collaboration Technology ââ¬Myassignmenthelp.Com Question: Discuss About The Companies Turning Collaboration Technology? Answer: Introducation After a week-long preparation and lots of anxiety, I finally delivered my presentation this week. I along with another three students had put in a lot of efforts to research and collect the relevant material for the presentation. Though my group had other students to share the pressure, I was determined to give it my best shot to impress one and all with my communication skills. However, things didnt turn up so well as per my expectations, and now I am left with some serious homework to better myself. After a lot of introspection, I found that this presentation has helped me realize my strengths and weaknesses as a communicator. It made me figure out the areas where I need to work on to develop myself as a professional over the years to come. My contribution to the experience Given my experience in public speaking during my schooling, I confidently delivered my part of the presentation. I was crisp and clear throughout and demonstrated the same confidence through my body language. This presentation reinforced my belief as a spontaneous performer as I have the knack to hold the attention of the audience. However, I faltered during the last part when some students bombarded us with a volley of tough questions. While I batted a few of them confidently, I was scrambling for perfect answers with some tricky ones. I tried to maintain my calm but then I got caught up with fumbling and responded with some random answers to just close the session. Even though one of my team members tried to salvage the situation and diverted the topic, I think I spoiled my impression then and there only. My professor applauded my efforts but I knew where I failed. As it was a group presentation, the failure is equally shared by all the team members. However, it has taught me a tough lesson that all the members need to mutually share and prepare each other for such presentations. I would be more prepared to handle all sorts of questions in context of the presentation subject. It is the responsibility of all the group members to see that all the necessary topics have been equally prepared to combat the difficult questions. Future changes for self-development I feel this experience has given an opportunity to develop my problem-solving skills as a team member. I would put in more efforts to do pre-presentation planning to get a better insight into the topics. Even if there comes a situation when I fail to provide a suitable answer, then I would handle it politely and assure the questioner a satisfactory response in person after the presentation. Meanwhile, I would continue to polish my presentation skills to better myself the next time. Pros and cons of my experience In totality, the group presentation has shed light on my caliber as a communicator in practical situations. Whilst I have learned group dynamics during the planning stage, I feel there is lot of scope for improvement as an individual and as a team membe My response towards the unfair treatment I have often heard about ethical dilemmas when you find yourself entangled between your individual principles and professional commitment towards your employer. However, little did I know that I would experiencing something similar at this nascent stage of my professional life. As a trainee database administrator, I am under professional commitment to follow ACS code of professional conduct (2014) and ACS code of ethics (n.d.) to serve the organization with complete honesty and integrity. I am obliged to work and perform in the best interest of the employer and in favor of my professional development. However, recently I have discovered that my employers favoritism costed me and some more students the golden opportunity to earn scholarship. This was indeed an unexpected turn of events for me as I am serving the same organization and was bereft of the benefits of scholarship. Initially I was enraged with the differential treatment happening in the organization. However, I held my nerves and instead of going public with the revelation, I decided to share it with my manager. Notably, any outrageous or impulsive decision could cost me my job, which in any case is not going to serve the problem. Also, it would dent the public image or repute of the organization. This selection criteria is not just professionally wrong but is hampering the chance of some deserving candidates out there to earn scholarship to excel professionally. Given the unfairness of the situation and the ACS code of professional conduct (2014) towards giving precedence to the interest of the general public, I feel morally compelled to report the incident to my manager to find a proper resolution to the same lest deserving candidates would continue to suffer due to their poor financial state. In addition, the ACS code of ethics (n.d.) favors public interest over the vested interests or perso nal motives of some business sections. Notwithstanding the ulterior motive behind my employers decision, I would like this issue to be discussed. I strongly believe that meritocracy is a necessary and sufficient condition to hire and absorb suitable candidates in an organization. Any form of bias or favoritism raises a huge question over the moral fabric, and risk the public reputation of the organization. Keeping this in consideration, I feel there is sufficient reason for me to consult my manager to address the severity of the situation and ensure some corrective measures to improve the perennial problem in the organization to establish fair and transparent practices. Interpersonal/listening/verbal communication skills I feel the group presentation helped me demonstrate my strong communication skills to create the impact. During our discussions, I used my patience and actively listened to the suggestions to incorporate in the final presentation. I would give due credit to my interpersonal skills to help me collate and collaborate with other team members to accomplish the bigger task. Reading skills for academic excellence As much as training delivery is important, engaging and relevant content is essential to add authenticity to the chief arguments. Since I am a voracious reader, it helped me in quickly scan through the online articles and other web content to extract the important content for the presentation topic. I believe that my competence in reading saved lot of time in collecting and preparing the presentation. Team work skills My presentation has exposed me to various modalities of team work. This group presentation helped me learning how to lead in a group or team. During pre-presentation planning, I use my management skills to divide the entire presentation amongst the team members. Each member had a section of their preference to prepare, so they were internally motivated. I assigned two members to prepare the content while me and the other team mate focused on the effective delivery of the presentation. It was the team effort that the presentation was effectively delivered. Importance of ethics, codes of behaviour, and societal, privacy and legal issues within the ICT Industry I have experienced ethical dilemma whilst serving as a trainee database administrator. It was disappointing to know that my employer indulged in favoritism to give scholarship to a lesser deserving candidate. This compelled me to introspect my principles with respect to professional ethics, code of conduct, and other legit issues within the ICT industry. Whilst I will continue to serve my duties as per professional code of conduct, I would protect the sensitivity of the incident and share it within the organization to avert such cases in future. Importance of cultural diversity During my tenure as a trainee administer, I met many employees from different countries. Though initially I was hesitant to interact with them, eventually I found some common connection with them which helped me to strike conversations with them. I actively listened to their apprehensions within the new cultural set up and helped them to build a bridge with the employees of my organization. ICT technologies and organizational success Many companies have an impressive range of ICT devices and tools to help employees engage to achieve its strategic objectives. These devices help the employees connect with business clients, customers and other associates. These IT-enabled devices improve the service delivery with rapid exchange of market data and information (Marius, 2013). As a trainee administrator, I realized the importance of mobile technology to stay connected with the sales personnel on the field to receive latest information. I felt these latest technologies have reduced data redundancy and reduced the time and effort to analyze the current business situation. Communication and Collaboration technologies After completing this unit, I found video communication systems (skype) and shared whiteboards to be effective collaborative technologies to enhance engagement with the loyees (Goodwin,2014). As for communication technologies, employees continue to use emails and instant messages to share information. It improves business decision making as employees can effectively converse through these communication and collaborative technologies. They are cost-friendly and enhances employee engagement to improve business results. This unit has been a learning experience for me since it allowed me to explore my cognitive power to understand various relevant subjects. For instance, the group presentation exercise compelled me to determine my strengths and weaknesses. Alongside it encouraged me to improve myself as a professional communicator. Likewise, the next section stirred the ethical dilemma most of the working employees witness during their employment against their personal principles. This entire unit has helped me understand group dynamics, team work, interpersonal skills, listening skills, reading skills, professional development, social and ethical aspects and many other communication and collaborative technologies relevant for the growth and success of an organization. The things I liked about this unit are the two reflective exercises which give an insight into my real strength and competence as a professional. It helps me observe the complications in practical scenarios from a neutral perspective, thereby helping me understand intricate modalities. However, there could be some improvements. Firstly, the learning outcomes could have been reduced to focus on specific skills only to have some cohesive direction. Secondly, the case studies could be based on the real situations in some company to explore the tangible facts about the industry. References Australian Computer Society (ACS) . (2014). ACS Code of Professional Conduct. Retrieved from https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/acs-documents/ACS%20Code-of-Professional-Conduct_v2.1.pdf Australian Computer Society (ACS). (n.d.). ACS Code of Ethics. Retrieved from https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/acs-documents/Code-of-Ethics.pdf Goodwin, B. (2014). No more email? Why companies are turning to collaboration technology. Retrieved from https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/No-more-email-Why-companies-are-turning-to-collaboration-technology Marius, M. (2013). 4 WAYS ICT/TECHNOLOGY CAN IMPROVE YOUR BUSINESS. Retrieved from https://www.ict-pulse.com/2013/09/4-ways-icttechnology-improve-business/ Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-17479120444703993402019-12-02T02:28:00.001-08:002019-12-02T02:28:03.991-08:00Title Critical Essay on Narrative of the Life of Essays Title: Critical Essay on "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself" Author(s): Doreen Piano Source: Nonfiction Classics for Students: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Nonfiction Works. Ed. David M. Galens, Jennifer Smith, and Elizabeth Thomason. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2001. From Literature Resource Center. Document Type: Critical essay Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2001-2003 Gale, COPYRIGHT 2006 Gale Although Frederick Douglass wrote several autobiographies during his lifetime, none continues to have the lasting literary impact of the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. From its publication in 1845 to its present status in the American literary canon, the Narrative has become one of the most highly acclaimed American autobiographies ever written. Published seven years after Douglass' escape from his life as a slave in Maryland, the Narrative put into print circulation a critique of slavery that Douglass had been lecturing on around the country for many years. Yet while the Narrative describes in vivid detail his experiences of being a slave, it also reveals his psychological insights into the slave/master relationship. What Douglass realizes that day is that literacy is equated with not only individual consciousness but also freedom. From that day, Douglass makes it his goal to learn as much as he can, eventually learning how to write, a skill that would provide him with his passport to freedom. What gives the book its complexity is Douglass' ability to incorporate a number of sophisticated literary devices that fashion a particular African- American identity. Literary scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., in his introduction to Classic Slave Narratives, claims that "Douglass' rhetorical power convinces us that he embodies the structures of thoughts and feelings of all black slaves, that he is the resplendent, articulate part that stands for the whole, for the collective black slave community." Borrowing from a wide range of discourses that include slave narratives, autobiography, sentimental rhetoric, and religious and classical oratory, Douglass creates a testament not only to the horrors of slavery but to the power of the human spirit to transcend odds. The Narrative is a compelling document that shows Douglass' ability to transform himself from an illiterate, oppressed slave to an educated, liberated free man not only literally, by escaping slavery, but also figuratively, in language. At the time that Douglass wrote his Narrative, most African Americans, especially in the South, had few opportunities to learn to read and write. Further, they also had little legal representation or standing that could protect them from physical harm or provide them access to legal action. Yet as a slave, Douglass manages both to teach himself to learn and to protect himself from harm, as in his showdown with Mr. Covey. The fight that erupts between Douglass and Covey is the turning point of the Narrative. It shows that Douglass' fight to gain freedom is also a fight to gain a selfhood, to be a man. His famous line, "You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man," counters the prevailing argument of the day that slaves were not humans. He illustrates in this line that slaves were perceived as non-humans because they were not treated or represented as such, not because they were biologically inferior, as many claimed. Throughout the Narrative, Douglass reveals how slaves were denied basic concepts that would provide them with the means of constructing legitimate identities. For example, Douglass mentions at the beginning of the Narrative that slaves rarely knew when they were born, as "it is the wish of most masters . . . to keep their slaves thus ignorant." To know one's birth date, in a sense, provided one with a particularly human identity, a location in time and history. Slaveholders denied even this basic knowledge to keep slaves psychologically on the same level as animals. Throughout the narrative, Douglass brings to light a number of ways in which slaveholders withheld information from slaves in order to keep them from having a basic understanding of themselves as human beings. Such insights lend credibility and power to his narrative at the same time that they reveal his own coming into being as a person. As American Studies professor Albert E. Stone claims, in "Identity and Art in Frederick Douglass' Narrative," "For the more clearly and fully we see the man and the writer . . . the more we acknowledge the force of his argument for an end to slavery's denial of individuality and creativity." One of the difficulties in getting mid-nineteenth-century readers to believe that Douglass had written the Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-66015197950316048332019-11-26T21:54:00.001-08:002019-11-26T21:54:05.718-08:00Lifelines and Risks essaysLifelines and Risks essays This book is an exercise in developmental science. Society is viewed at multiple levels, but Cairnes presents the perspective of childhood actions that consequence in future individuality. The main focus is on childhood violent aggression and its consequences for the future social development. At the beginning of the study, they discovered that unpopular people are the aggressive children. Aggression can evolve in all different areas, but the main focus is on the childhood actions. It has also been assumed that the roots of aggression lie in their failure to make basic social and emotional ties. More children are than threatened by parents, teachers and friends. Hostile, negative behavior at thirteen years old is predicted to be involved in school dropouts, serious violence, teenage parenthood and drug rehabilitation. A problem with authority normally leads to future social problems. The link with individual differences in aggression is not direct, but is mediated by other factors such as greater involvement with drugs, alcohol and peer groups. This study allowed psychologists to go beyond common sense assumptions about aggression and social development. There are many opinions as to why people have aggression, but in this book the psychologists have found that future events are affected by the past actions in many cases. This study was an important progress, but there are still many questions that is present. There is no set answer as to why children and adults have aggression, but thats why Cairnes is working very hard to bring out logical views. ... Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-1359826760073200152019-11-23T05:28:00.001-08:002019-11-23T05:28:05.657-08:001600s 1700s Military History Timeline1600s 1700s Military History Timeline Timeline Home | to 1000 | 1001-1200 | 1201-1400 | 1401-1600 | 1801-1900 | 1901-present 1600s 1602 - Eighty Years War: Maurice of Orange captures Grave 1609 - Eighty Years War: The Twelve Years Truce ends fighting between the United Provinces and Spain May 23, 1618 - Thirty Years War: The Second Defenestration of Prague leads to the outbreak of the conflict November 8, 1620 - Thirty Years War: Ferdinand II defeats Ferdinand V at the Battle of White Mountain April 25, 1626 - Thirty Years War: Albrecht von Wallenstein leads Catholic forces to victory at the Battle of Dessau Bridge September 17, 1631 - Thirty Years War: Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus win the Battle of Breitenfeld November 16, 1632 - Thirty Years War: Swedish troops win the Battle of Là ¼tzen, but Gustavus Adolphus is killed in the fighting 1634-1638 - American Colonies: English settles and their Native American allies win the Pequot War December 17, to April 15, 1638 - Shimabara Rebellion: A peasant rebellion takes place on Japans Shimabara Peninsula September 23, 1642 - English Civil War: Royalist and Parliamentarian forces clash at the Battle of Powick Bridge October 23, 1642 - English Civil War: The first pitched battle of the conflict is fought at Edgehill May 19, 1643 - Thirty Years War: French troops win the Battle of Roncroi July 13, 1643 - English Civil War: The Royalists win the Battle of Roundway Down September 20, 1643 - English Civil War: Royalist and Parliamentary forces meet at the First Battle of Newbury December 13, 1643 - English Civil War: Parliamentary troops win the Battle of Alton July 2, 1644 - English Civil War: Parliamentary forces win the Battle of Marston Moor June 14, 1645 - English Civil War: Parliamentarian troops crush Royalist forces at the Battle of Naseby July 10, 1645 - English Civil War: Sir Thomas Fairfax wins the Battle of Langport September 24, 1645 - English Civil War: Parliamentarian forces win the Battle of Rowton Heath May 15 October 24, 1648 - Thirty Years War: The Peace of Westphalia ends both the Thirty and Eighty Years War August 17-19, 1648 - English Civil War: Oliver Cromwell wins the Battle of Preston September 3, 1651 - English Civil War: Parliamentarian forces win the Battle of Worcester July 10, 1652 - First Anglo-Dutch War: The English Parliament declares war on the Dutch Republic May 8, 1654 - First Anglo-Dutch War: The Treaty of Westminster ends the conflict 1654 - Anglo-Spanish War: Driven by commercial rivalry, England declares war on Spain September 1660 - Anglo-Spanish War: After the restoration of Charles II, the war comes to an end March 4, 1665 - Second Anglo-Dutch War: The conflict begins after the Dutch permit their ships to fire when threatened May 24, 1667 - War of Devolution: France invades the Spanish Netherlands starting the war June 9-14, 1667 - Second Anglo-Dutch War: Admiral Michiel de Ruyter leads a successful raid on the Medway July 31, 1667 - Second Anglo-Dutch War: The Treaty of Breda ends the conflict May 2, 1668 - War of Devolution: Louis XIV agrees to the Triple Alliances demands bringing the war to a close April 6, 1672 - Third Anglo-Dutch War: England joins France and declares war on the Dutch Republic February 19, 1674 - Third Anglo-Dutch War: The Second Peace of Westminster ends the war June 20, 1675 - King Philips War: A band of Pokanoket warriors attacks the Plymouth colony opening the war August 12, 1676 - King Philips War: King Philip is killed by colonists effectively ending the war 1681 - War of 27 Years: Fighting begins between the Marathas and Mughals in India 1683 - War of the Holy League: Pope Innocent XI forms the Holy League to block Ottoman expansion in Europe September 24, 1688 - War of the Grand Alliance: Fighting begins as the Grand Alliance forms to contain French expansion July 27, 1689 - Jacobite Risings: Jacobite forces under Viscount Dundee win the Battle of Killiecrankie July 12, 1690 - War of the Grand Alliance: William III defeats James II at the Battle of the Boyne February 13, 1692 - Glorious Revolution: Members of Clan MacDonald are attacked during the Glencoe Massacre September 20, 1697 - War of the Grand Alliance: The Treaty of Ryswick ends the War of the Grand Alliance January 26, 1699 - War of the Holy League: The Ottomans sign the Treaty of Karlowitz ending the war February 1700 - Great Northern War: Fighting begins between Sweden, Russia, Demark, and Saxony 1701 - War of the Spanish Succession: Fighting begins as an alliance of Britain, the Holy Roman Empire, Dutch Republic, Prussia, Portugal, and Denmark declare war to prevent a French succession to the Spanish throne February 29, 1704 - Queen Annes War: French and Native American forces conduct the Raid on Deerfield August 13, 1704 - War of the Spanish Succession: The Duke of Marlborough wins the Battle of Blenheim May 23, 1706 - War of the Spanish Succession: Grand Alliance forces under Marlborough win the Battle of Ramillies 1707 - War of 27 Years: The Mughals are defeated ending the war July 8, 1709 - Great Northern War: Swedish forces are crushed at the Battle of Poltava March/April 1713 - War of the Spanish Succession: The Treaty of Utrecht ends the war December 17, 1718 - War of the Quadruple Alliance: The French, British, and Austrians declare war on Spain after Spanish troops land on Sardinia and Sicily June 10, 1719 - Jacobite Risings: Jacobite forces are beaten at the Battle of Glen Shiel February 17, 1720 - War of the Quadruple Alliance: The Treaty of The Hague ends the fighting August 20, 1721 - Great Northern War: The Treaty of Nystad ends the Great Northern War July 1722 - Russo-Persian War: Russian troops embark for an invasion of Iran September 12, 1723 - Russo-Persian War: The Russians compel Tahmasp II to sign a peace treaty Timeline Home | to 1000 | 1001-1200 | 1201-1400 | 1401-1600 | 1801-1900 | 1901-present 1730s February 1, 1733 - War of the Polish Succession: Augustus II dies creating the succession crisis that leads to war November 18, 1738 - War of the Polish Succession: The Treaty of Vienna settles the succession crisis December 16, 1740 - War of the Austrian Succession: Frederick the Great of Prussia invades Silesia opening the conflict April 10, 1741 - War of the Austrian Succession: Prussian forces win the Battle of Mollwitz June 27, 1743 - War of the Austrian Succession: The Pragmatic Army under King George II wins the Battle of Dettingen May 11, 1745 - War of the Austrian Succession: French troops win the Battle of Fontenoy June 28, 1754 - War of the Austrian Succession: Colonial forces complete the Siege of Louisbourg September 21, 1745 - Jacobite Uprising: Prince Charles forces win the Battle of Prestonpans April 16, 1746 - Jacobite Uprising: Jacobite forces are defeated by the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Culloden October 18, 1748 - War of the Austrian Succession: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the conflict July 4, 1754 - French Indian War: Lt. Colonel George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to the French July 9, 1755 - French Indian War: Major General Edward Braddock is routed at the Battle of the Monongahela September 8, 1755 - French Indian War: British and colonial forces defeat the French at the Battle of Lake George June 23, 1757 - Seven Years War: Colonel Robert Clive wins the Battle of Plassey in India November 5, 1757 - Seven Years War: Frederick the Great wins the Battle of Rossbach December 5, 1757 - Seven Years War: Frederick the Great triumphs at the Battle of Leuthen June 8-July 26, 1758 - French Indian War: British forces conduct the successful Siege of Louisbourg June 20, 1758 - Seven Years War: Austria troops defeat the Prussians at the Battle of Domstadtl July 8, 1758 - French Indian War: British forces are beaten at the Battle of Carillon August 1, 1759 - Seven Years War: Allied forces defeat the French at the Battle of Minden September 13, 1759 - French Indian War: Major General James Wolfe wins the Battle of Quebec but is killed in the fighting November 20, 1759 - Seven Years War: Admiral Sir Edward Hawke wins the Battle of Quiberon Bay February 10, 1763 - Seven Years War: The Treaty of Paris ends the war in a victory for Britain and its allies August 5-6, 1763 - Pontiacs Rebellion: The British win the Battle of Bushy Run September 25, 1768 - Russo-Turkish War: The Ottoman Empire declares war on Russia following a border incident at Balta March 5, 1770 - Prelude to the American Revolution: British troops fire into a crowd at the Boston Massacre July 21, 1774 - Russo-Turkish War: The Treaty of Kuà §uk Kainarji ends the war in a Russian victory April 19, 1775 - American Revolution: The war begins with the Battles of Lexington Concord April 19, 1775-March 17, 1776 - American Revolutin: American troops conduct the Siege of Boston May 10, 1775 - American Revolution: American forces capture Fort Ticonderoga June 11-12, 1775 - American Revolution: American naval forces win the Battle of Machias June 17, 1775 - American Revolution: The British win a bloody victory at the Battle of Bunker Hill September 17-November 3, 1775 - American Revolution: American forces win the Siege of Fort St. Jean December 9, 1775 - American Revolution: Patriot forces win the Battle of Great Bridge December 31, 1775 - American Revolution: American forces are turned back at the Battle of Quebec February 27, 1776 - American Revolution: Patriot forces win the Battle of Moores Creek Bridge in North Carolian March 3-4, 1776 - American Revolution: American forces win the Battle of Nassau in the Bahama June 28, 1776 - American Revolution: The British at defeated near Charleston, SC at the Battle of Sullivans Island August 27, 1776 - American Revolution: Gen. George Washington is defeated at the Battle of Long Island September 16, 1776 - American Revolution: American troops win the Battle of Harlem Heights October 11, 1776 - American Revolution: Naval forces on Lake Champlain fight the Battle of Valcour Island October 28, 1776 - American Revolution: The British force the Americans to retreat at the Battle of White Plains November 16, 1776 - American Revolution: British troops win the Battle of Fort Washington December 26, 1776 - American Revolution: American troops win a daring victory at the Battle of Trenton January 2, 1777 - American Revolution: American troops hold at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek near Trenton, NJ January 3, 1777 - American Revolution: American forces win the Battle of Princeton April 27, 1777 - American Revolution: British forces win the Battle of Ridgefield July 2-6, 1777 - American Revolution: British forces win the Siege of Fort Tinconderoga July 7, 1777 - American Revolution: Colonel Seth Warner fights a determined rearguard action at the Battle of Hubbardton August 6, 1777 - American Revolution: American forces are beaten at the Battle of Oriskany September 3, 1777 - American Revolution: American and British troops clash at the Battle of Coochs Bridge September 11, 1777 - American Revolution - The Continental Army is defeated at the Battle of Brandywine September 26-November 16, 1777 - American Revolution: American forces fight the Siege of Fort Mifflin October 4, 1777 - American Revolution: British forces win the Battle of Germantown September 19 October 7, 1777 - American Revolution: Continental forces win the Battle of Saratoga Decebmer 19, 1777-June 19, 1778 - American Revolution: The Continental Army winters at Valley Forge June 28, 1778 - American Revolution: American troops engage the British at the Battle of Monmouth July 3, 1778 - American Revolution: Colonial forces are beaten at the Battle of Wyoming August 29, 1778 - American Revolution: The Battle of Rhode Island is fought north of Newport February 14, 1779 - American Revolution: American forces win the Battle of Kettle Creek July 16, 1779 - American Revolution: Brigadier General Anthony Wayne wins the Battle of Stony Point July 24-August 12, 1779 - American Revolution: The American Penobscot Expedition is defeated August 19, 1779 - American Revolution: Battle of Paulus Hook is fought September 16-October 18, 1779 - American Revolution: French American troops conduct the failed Siege of Savannah September 23, 1779 - American Revolution: John Paul Jones captures HMS Serapis March 29-May 12 - American Revolution: British forces win the Siege of Charleston May 29, 1780 - American Revolution: American forces are defeated at the Battle of Waxhaws October 7, 1780 - American Revolution: American militia wins the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina January 17, 1781 - American Revolution: Brig. Gen. Daniel Morgan wins the Battle of Cowpens March 15, 1781 - American Revolution: American troops bleed the British at the Battle of Guilford Court House April 25, 1781 - American Revolution: British troops win the Battle of Hobkirks Hill in South Carolina September 5, 1781 - American Revolution: French naval forces win the Battle of the Chesapeake September 8, 1781 - American Revolution: British and American forces clash at the Battle of Eutaw Springs October 19, 1781 - American Revolution: General Lord Charles Cornwallis surrenders to Gen. George Washington ending the Siege of Yorktown April 9-12, 1782 - The British win the Battle of the Saintes September 3, 1783 - American Revolution: American independence is granted and the war concluded by the Treaty of Paris April 28, 1789 - Royal Navy: Acting Lieutenant Fletcher Christian deposes Lieutenant William Bligh during the Mutiny on the Bounty July 9-10, 1790 - Russo-Swedish War: Swedish naval forces triumph in the Battle of Svensksund April 20, 1792 - Wars of the French Revolution: The French Assembly votes to declare war on Austria beginning a series of conflicts in Europe September 20, 1792 - Wars of the French Revolution: French forces win a victory over Prussia at the Battle of Valmy June 1, 1794 - Wars of the French Revolution: Admiral Lord Howe defeats the French fleet at the Glorious First of June August 20, 1794 - Northwest Indian War: General Anthony Wayne defeats the Western Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers July 7, 1798 - Quasi-War: The US Congress rescinds all treaties with France beginning an undeclared naval war August 1/2, 1798 - Wars of the French Revolution: Rear Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson destroys a French fleet at the Battle of the Nile Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-43050599605626881032019-11-21T04:17:00.001-08:002019-11-21T04:17:07.012-08:00Management and Manufacturing Philosophy to Toyota Case StudyManagement and Manufacturing Philosophy to Toyota - Case Study Example This management and manufacturing philosophy is, without doubt, the key to Toyota's global success but, upon consideration of the reasons for its recent overtake of the U.S. market, one finds that it is a combination of both its decision to Americanize and its management philosophy. Toyota has Americanized and, its Americanization is large, although not entirely, responsible for its success in the U.S. market. As Naughton et al. (2005) explain, a change of leadership at Toyota led to the abandonment of its "cooperative competition doctrine," as which outlined that Toyota's presence in the United States would not be that of a competitor whose goal was to overtake leading American car manufacturers such as GM. Instead, Toyota was to maintain a "respectful distance" in order to avoid arousing both public and political anger as a direct outcome of its appearing to undermine U.S. symbols, in this case, GM (Naughton et al., 2005). Therefore, even though it had the capacity and the potential to compete with GM and, eventually, to dominate the U.S. market, Toyota's leadership made the strategic decision to avoid doing so. Toyota's decision to forgo its "cooperative competition" philosophy is not, in its... ose aim was the weakening of the American economy and the strengthening of the Japanese one but, as a domestic manufacturer, an American automobile manufacturer whose origins happen to be foreign. Indeed, its decision to hire American managers in its U.S. plants and offices and to give itself a quintessentially American image facilitated public and political acceptance of it as a constructive addition to the American economy (Fujimoto, 1999). The implication here is that Americanization effectively annihilated the protective barrier which domestic consumers generally impose vis--vis foreign competitors whom they believe function as a threat to the health of the domestic economy and, by extension, to the livelihood of the domestic labor force (Fujimoto, 1999). That Toyota's decision to reinvent itself as an American company, to abandon its "cooperative competition" doctrine, is that one change which stands out as central to its recent successes on the U.S. market, is an opinion echoed by several (Taylor and Kahn, 1997; Fujimoto, 1999; Schonberger, 2001). Taylor and Kahn (1997) contend that success on the American market was not simply an outcome of its adoption of an American image,' but its highly successful embrace of the American management and competitive philosophy.à à Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-12556680799584231622019-11-19T18:45:00.001-08:002019-11-19T18:45:03.079-08:00The importance of Occupational Health and Safety studies EssayThe importance of Occupational Health and Safety studies - Essay Example Government as well as private health sectors work hand-in-hand to ensure that appropriate measures are implemented to attain health and safety management in any construction project sites. Lifting operations involves wide range of lifting equipment and have been a causative factor in major injury, if not fatal accidents in construction industry. In April of 2007, the Construction Design and Management Regulations, otherwise known as "the CDM Regulations" were re-introduced. The said regulations aimed to ensure that stakeholders who are directly involved in the construction projects will comply with their health and safety obligations. It seeks to improve the entire management and synchronization of health, safety and welfare all the way through stages of a construction project in order that large number of grave and fatal accidents as well as cases of ill health will greatly reduce. Lifting operation can be defined as an operation concerned about the lifting or lowering (LOLER Regulation 8, 1998) of a load. The load can mean a person or lifting equipment which in turn refers to work equipment used for lifting or lowering of loads, attachments used for anchoring, fixing or supporting it are included. The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations or LOLER (1998) supported by the ACOP and HSE Guidance Safe Use of Lifting Equipment applies over as well as above the universal requirements mandated by the 1998 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations with hazards and risks related with lifting equipment and also the lifting operations. The following are the specific requirements of the regulations: Every employer shall guarantee that: a) lifting equipment is of sufficient in strength and stability for every load; b) all part of a load and attachments must also be of adequate strength. Every employer shall see to it that lifting equipment for lifting persons: a) focus to sub-paragraph (b), prevents worker from being crushed struck or trapped, fall from carrier; b) prevent so far as is practically a person using it, as he carry out activities c) subject to paragraph 2, wear suitable devices to avoid the risk of falling; d) not thereby exposed to harm or danger.Every employer must guarantee that every lifting procedure involving lifting equipment is: a) correctly planned; b) appropriately supervised; as well as c) carried out safely. Before lifting equipment is placed into service by the person, it has to be thoroughly examined by the said person to check the defects, unless: a) lifting equipment was never used before; and b) if and when lifting equipment (for which an EC pronouncement of conformity should (example, the case of an affirmation under the1997 Lifts Regulations) have been represented, the employer has received the said declaration not more than 12 months earlier than the lifting Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-84207548560560390022019-11-17T07:16:00.001-08:002019-11-17T07:16:03.886-08:00Of Water and the Spirit by Malidoma Patrice Somé Essay Example for Free Of Water and the Spirit by Malidoma Patrice Somà © Essay With Of Water and Spirit Malidoma Patrice Some has written a very interesting, engaging autobiography in which he details his life as a man living between two different lifestyles: the traditional life of his people, the Dagara, who live in rural Burkina Faso, the former French Colony known as the Upper Volta, and the life of a highly educated African man with two PhDs who travels throughout the western nations writing, lecturing, and teaching about his people and their relationship between the normal world and the spirit world. According to Some his first name Malidoma means be friends with the stranger/enemy. The Dagara believe a persons name has an affect on the his life so they name their children something that will always remind them of their mission in life. Some, then, is here in the West to tell the world about my people any way I can, and to take back to my people the knowledge I gain about this world (Some 1994, 1). Some was named Patrice when he was baptized by Jesuit priests at the insistence of his father who had converted to Catholicism. The attitude of Some and the Dagara people is very interesting. Instead of feeling hatred against the white men who had colonized the country and basically enslaved the people while stealing their land and resources, the Dagara are concerned about all people, including the white people and are convinced that the West is as endangered as the indigenous cultures it has decimated in the name of colonialism (Some 1994, 1). They believe that western cultures abandonment of functional spiritual values has made the West sick with a sickness of the soul (Some 1994, 1). Some was basically kidnapped from his tribe at the age of four when he was taken away to study at the Jesuit school. At the time the Jesuits were trying create a native missionary force to help in converting the people of Upper Volta. Prior to being kidnapped Some had spent much of his childhood with his grandfather, a great leader of the Dagara. His grandfather taught him many of the stories of the Dagara people, their spiritual beliefs, and their history. Somes grandfather emphasized the close spiritual relationship of the Dagara with the world, the land, and the spirits of their deceased ancestors. The Dagara believe there is an important connection between an individual, his people, his land, and his god. Somes grandfather could not understand the Catholic Churchs attempts at missionary work throughout the world, . . . let me tell you that a God who would send his people away from their land must be drinking a very strong wine all the time (Some 1994, 29). At the time of his death, Somes grandfather told Some that the ancestors had designated Some to follow the white man so that you may serve as the eye of the compound, the ear of your many brothers, and the mouth of your tribe (Some 1994, 40). Somes grandfather also told him that he came back to the tribe he would appear strange to the Dagara, he would only be part Dagara and would have to undergo the month long initiation in the wilderness to become a member of the tribe. Somes time at the Jesuit school was unpleasant. The priests often beat him while they were teaching him as if the beatings would reinforce the lessons and make him confirm to the Jesuit teachings. When he graduated to the seminary school at Nansi he had similar experiences and often found that he lived outside of himself. He would make his thoughts go away from my body so that when the first blow fell, I [he] was not even aware of it (Some 1994, 114). Some resented the way he was treated and found himself rebelling against the method of instruction. This rebellion reached its climax when Some was twenty and became involved in a physical altercation with one of the priests. During the struggle the priest fell through the window and landed in the dirt outside. Consequently, Some ran away from the school to return to his home. His journey home took him eleven days since he was forced to walk the entire way. Ironically, on his journey, Some learned that the country had gained its independence from France in 1960 and such forced schooling had come to an end. Since Some was about four-years-old both when independence occurred and when he was taken away from his people to attend school, he could have returned to his people long before (Some 1994, 153; 99-156). By the time he returned to his village, the Jesuit missionary priests on the hill were gone, although a day school still existed. Once Some was in his home compound, he found he no longer fit it with his people. He had forgotten how to speak the language; the village had changed with independence. His people were not comfortable with him there, nor was he comfortable with them. Consequently the elders decided he should undergo the Baor, the month long initiation, to quiet the white man in your soul . . . so that his soul [would] come back home and . . . stop being a stranger to yourself and to us (Some 1994, 178). Some describes his spiritual initiation in detail and tells how he was able to return to the Dagara. Once he had returned fully to the Dagara, Some found that he was again not comfortable living with his people because he had not yet completed his mission that his grandfather had told him about and that his ancestors had assigned him. Once again it became necessary to leave his people so the he might be friends with the stranger/enemy. This is what Some continues to do today through his writings and lecturing. However, he is careful to return to his home every year to make certain he reconnects with his home and people. Bibliography Some, Malidoma Patrice. Of Water and the Spirit: Ritual, Magic, and Initiation in the Life of an African Shaman. New York: G. P. Putnams Sons, A Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam Book, 1994. Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817281454575262377.post-61968355774812617462019-11-14T19:47:00.001-08:002019-11-14T19:47:03.208-08:00Gender Roles and Kids Toys Essay -- Exploratory ResearchGender Roles and Kids Toys In David Barry's article, Guys vs. Men, he discussed the differences between "guys" and "men". This article made several valid points, including that guys will try and out perform each other where sports are concerned and that the space shuttle is the ultimate guy toy. My question is why do only guys play with all the neat toys? Part of the answer to this question might be that men are encouraged to play with hi-tech toys while girls are given a Barbi doll or a toy oven. The best time to see how these differences are encouraged by our society is during the Holiday season. The toys I have seen for boys are mainly Star Wars action figures or Nintendo 64 games. The toys advertised for girls were mostly easy bake ovens (that now makes M&M cakes) or Barbi dolls with various accessories. I am not saying that a Barbi doll is necessarily a bad thing, besides the fact that some of her outfits are frightening, but I would rather have the life like rocket that can fly a 100 feet up before it returns to the ground. This discussion might appear superficial at first, but there is an underlying problem to why a parent might want to encourage their young daughters to play with a science kit instead of deciding what evening gown Barbi looks best in. A lot of the toys designed for boys might also be used as a learning tool. When a boy plays with legos and starts to create buildings he is developing his creativity. This act could lead him into a career as an architect or engineer. When he is encouraged to play with rockets or a microscope he has the potential of developing an interest in science that could lead him into a career working on satellites. The kinds of toys that young girls are encouraged to pl... ...der Wars. The object of this game is to select what gender the player wants to be. Once the gender is selected the player tries to destroy the opposite gender. This games appears interesting, but it has the potential to create more conflict between men and women. Encouraging girls to play with different kinds of toys might also help the girls to understand men a little better when the girls grow up. If they share a common interest then it is possible that they will reach an understanding of what can be expected from the opposite gender. Works Cited Lunsford, Andrea A. and Ruszkiewicz, John J. The Presence of Others 2nd ed. St. Martin's Press, 1997 excerpt Barry, Dave Guys vs. Men1995 Bureau of Labor Statistics Data 12/3/97 http://stats.bls.gov/cpsatab1.htm SCi (Sales Curve Interactive) Ltd. Software (C) 1996 http://www.gtgames.com/games/genderwars/ Anahi Cutlerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00328775180102886918noreply@blogger.com0